The bacteriological quality of rainjar water in rural northeast Thailand

Pinfold, John V.; Horan, N. J.; Wirojanagud, Wanpen; Mara, D. D.

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(93)90089-z

Cited by 60 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…No catchments in our study had E. coli concentrations below our detection limit, which is in disagreement with other studies of rain catchments (Dillaha & Zolan 1985;Pinfold et al 1992;Ariyananda 2003;Evans et al 2007a;Sazakli et al 2007). One possible explanation is that the Sepik Province of PNG is located in the tropics which may have natural reservoirs of these organisms, confounding the results of using E. coli and enterococci to assess water quality (Fujioka et al 1988;Hazen 1988;Rivera et al 1988;Hardina & Fujioka 1991;Fujioka et al 1999).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

Microbial and metal water quality in rain catchments compared with traditional drinking water sources in the East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea

Horak

Chynoweth

Myers

et al. 2009

Journal of Water and Health

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In Papua New Guinea, a significant portion of morbidity and mortality is attributed to water-borne diseases. To reduce incidence of disease, communities and non-governmental organizations have installed rain catchments to provide drinking water of improved quality. However, little work has been done to determine whether these rain catchments provide drinking water of better quality than traditional drinking water sources, and if morbidity is decreased in villages with rain catchments. The specific aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of water produced by rain catchments in comparison with traditional drinking water sources in rural villages in the East Sepik Province. Fifty-four water sources in 22 villages were evaluated for enterococci and Escherichia coli densities as well as 14 health-relevant metals. In addition, we examined how the prevalence of diarrhoeal illness in villages relates to the type of primary drinking water source.The majority of tested metals were below World Health Organization safety limits. Catchment water sources had lower enterococci and E. coli than other water sources. Individuals in villages using Sepik River water as their primary water source had significantly higher incidence of diarrhoea than those primarily using other water sources (streams, dug wells and catchments).

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

Microbial and metal water quality in rain catchments compared with traditional drinking water sources in the East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea

Horak

Chynoweth

Myers

et al. 2009

Journal of Water and Health

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“…Roof runoff would have introduced into the tanks fecal matter present on the roof or in gutters and originating from birds, possums, lizards, or other animals that have access to the roof. Several other research studies have reported high detection frequencies and numbers of E. coli bacteria in RHRW (1,44,49,52). However, to our knowledge, none of the studies in the research literature investigated the presence of InPEC and ExPEC VGs in water samples from rainwater tanks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…The microbiological quality of RHRW is generally assessed by monitoring fecal indicator bacteria, such as fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and enterococci, which are commonly found in the guts of warm-blooded animals, including humans. E. coli has traditionally been used as an indicator of fecal contamination in RHRW in many countries (1,44,49,52).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Intestinal and Extraintestinal Virulence Genes in Escherichia coli Isolates from Rainwater Tanks in Southeast Queensland, Australia

Ahmed

Hodgers

Masters

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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In this study, 200 Escherichia coli isolates from 22 rainwater tank samples in Southeast Queensland, Australia, were tested for the presence of 20 virulence genes (VGs) associated with intestinal and extraintestinal pathotypes. In addition, E. coli isolates were also classified into phylogenetic groups based on the detection of the chuA, yjaA, and TSPE4.C2 genes. Of the 22 rainwater tanks, 8 (36%) and 5 (23%) were positive for the eaeA (belonging to enteropathogenic E. coli [EPEC] and Shiga-toxigenic E. coli [STEC]) and ST1 (belonging to enterotoxigenic E. coli [ETEC]) genes, respectively. VGs (cdtB, cvaC, ibeA, kpsMT allele III, PAI, papAH, and traT) belonging to extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) were detected in 15 (68%) of the 22 rainwater tanks. Of the 22 samples, 17 (77%) and 11 (50%) contained E. coli belonging to phylogenetic groups A and B1, respectively. Similarly, 10 (45%) and 16 (72%) contained E. coli belonging to phylogenetic groups B2 and D, respectively. Of the 96 of the 200 strains from 22 tanks that were VG positive, 40 (42%) were carrying a single VG, 36 (37.5%) were carrying two VGs, 17 (18%) were carrying three VGs, and 3 (3%) had four or more VGs. This study reports the presence of multiple VGs in E. coli strains belonging to the STEC, EPEC, ETEC, and ExPEC pathotypes in rainwater tanks. The public health risks associated with potentially clinically significant E. coli in rainwater tanks should be assessed, as the water is used for drinking and other, nonpotable purposes. It is recommended that rainwater be disinfected using effective treatment procedures such as filtration, UV disinfection, or simply boiling prior to drinking.

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“…The microbiological quality of RHRW is generally assessed by monitoring fecal indicator bacteria, such as fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and enterococci, which are commonly found in the guts of warm-blooded animals, including humans (29,31,33). In addition, a number of studies on the microbial quality of RHRW reported the presence of zoonotic bacterial and protozoan pathogens in individual or communal rainwater tanks (1,7,12,24,30,32).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fecal Indicators and Zoonotic Pathogens in Household Drinking Water Taps Fed from Rainwater Tanks in Southeast Queensland, Australia

Ahmed

Hodgers

Sidhu

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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In this study, the microbiological quality of household tap water samples fed from rainwater tanks was assessed by monitoring the numbers of Escherichia coli bacteria and enterococci from 24 households in Southeast Queensland (SEQ), Australia. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was also used for the quantitative detection of zoonotic pathogens in water samples from rainwater tanks and connected household taps. The numbers of zoonotic pathogens were also estimated in fecal samples from possums and various species of birds by using qPCR, as possums and birds are considered to be the potential sources of fecal contamination in roofharvested rainwater (RHRW). Among the 24 households, 63% of rainwater tank and 58% of connected household tap water (CHTW) samples contained E. coli and exceeded Australian drinking water guidelines of <1 CFU E. coli per 100 ml water. Similarly, 92% of rainwater tanks and 83% of CHTW samples also contained enterococci. In all, 21%, 4%, and 13% of rainwater tank samples contained Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Giardia lamblia, respectively. Similarly, 21% of rainwater tank and 13% of CHTW samples contained Campylobacter spp. and G. lamblia, respectively. The number of E. coli (P ‫؍‬ 0.78), Enterococcus (P ‫؍‬ 0.64), Campylobacter (P ‫؍‬ 0.44), and G. lamblia (P ‫؍‬ 0.50) cells in rainwater tanks did not differ significantly from the numbers observed in the CHTW samples. Among the 40 possum fecal samples tested, Campylobacter spp., Cryptosporidium parvum, and G. lamblia were detected in 60%, 13%, and 30% of samples, respectively. Among the 38 bird fecal samples tested, Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., C. parvum, and G. lamblia were detected in 24%, 11%, 5%, and 13% of the samples, respectively. Household tap water samples fed from rainwater tanks tested in the study appeared to be highly variable. Regular cleaning of roofs and gutters, along with pruning of overhanging tree branches, might also prove effective in reducing animal fecal contamination of rainwater tanks.

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The bacteriological quality of rainjar water in rural northeast Thailand

Cited by 60 publications

References 3 publications

Microbial and metal water quality in rain catchments compared with traditional drinking water sources in the East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea

Microbial and metal water quality in rain catchments compared with traditional drinking water sources in the East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea

Occurrence of Intestinal and Extraintestinal Virulence Genes in Escherichia coli Isolates from Rainwater Tanks in Southeast Queensland, Australia

Fecal Indicators and Zoonotic Pathogens in Household Drinking Water Taps Fed from Rainwater Tanks in Southeast Queensland, Australia

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