The bactericidal effect of liposomal vancomycin as a topical combating system against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin wound infection in mice

Abstract

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most common causes of skin infections and treatment is difficult due to its resistance to the most of antibiotics. Although vancomycin is often considered as an antibacterial agent of choice for the treatment of MRSA, its use is limited because of the high side effects. One solution is using liposomal formulation for local drug delivery. The aim of this study was to determine in vitro and in vivo efficacies of liposomal vancomycin as topical use. Methods: To prepare liposomal vancomycin, the ammonium sulfate gradient using remote loading and freeze-thaw methods was applied. Then, synthesized nanoliposomes were evaluated in terms of particle size, morphology, stability, and encapsulation efficiency. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of synthesized nanoliposome against MRSA was detected. The cytotoxicity of synthesized nanoliposome was evaluated using MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Finally, the topical antibacterial activity of each formulation was tested against MRSA-infected skin wound model in mice. Results: High encapsulation efficiency was achieved for all synthesized nanoliposomes. The results of in vitro and in vivo showed that liposomal vancomycin was more effective than free vancomycin. Also, synthesized nanoliposome showed no cytotoxicity on human epidermoid cell line. Conclusion: The results showed that synthesized nanoliposome could be applied as a great topical antimicrobial construct for treatment of MRSA skin infections.

Antimicrobial Polymer−Based Assemblies: A Review

“…Vancomycin formulated as nanoplexes of the antibiotic with dextran sulfate sodium salt has recently addressed MRSA infections; the size, polydispersity, and zeta potential of the optimized nanoplexes were 84.6 ± 4.3 nm, 0.449 ± 0.024, and −33.0 ± 4.9 mV, respectively, with 90.4 ± 0.8% complexation efficiency and 62.3 ± 0.2% drug loading; in vivo studies using a BALB/c mouse skin infection model revealed that nanoplexes reduced MRSA burden by 2.3−fold compared to bare vancomycin [ 93 ]. Liposomal vancomycin topical formulations have also produced similar results against MRSA, reconfirming the importance of the formulation for fighting drug−resistant microbia [ 94 ].…”

Vancomycin-Loaded Gel Ocular Drug Delivery System for Treatment of Endophthalmitis

“…Similarly, in the study conducted in 2019, van's liposome van. In a study conducted in 2019, it was also stated that vancomycin is more toxic than liposome-loaded vancomycin [29]. Cell viability incubated with 25 µg/ml Alg-Van Gels was 87.15±4.14, while it was 82.39±4.37 at 200 µg/ml (P>0.05).…”

Pharmacokinetic and Biomarker Quantification Studies on Vancomycin-Loaded PEGylated Liposomes and Its Potential to Reduce Vancomycin-Induced Kidney Injury: A Rat Study

“…Vancomycin has been encapsulated in various types of liposomes [ 17 , 18 ] using various methods of encapsulation [ 18 ] for the purpose of meeting various objectives [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. These objectives include increasing its antimicrobial efficacy using fusogenic liposomes [ 23 ], targeting and enhancing the efficacy of its topical use [ 24 ], and use in pneumonia by increased deposition in lungs [ 25 , 26 ], etc. A coating of polyethylene glycol (PEG) provides the liposome particle a corona by which it can go undetected by the body’s defense mechanism via the reticuloendothelial system (RES), allowing circulation in the body for a greater amount of time compared to conventional liposomes that lack PEGylation.…”