The Bacterial Flora of Battle Wounds at the Time of Primary Debridement a Study of the Korean Battle Casulty

Lindberg, Robert B.; Wetzler, T. F.; Marshall, John D.; Newton, A. P.; Strawitz, Joseph G.; Howard, John M.

doi:10.1097/00000658-195503000-00012

Cited by 57 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…Much of the evidence for this comes from Lindberg et al 1955 13 who studied the degree of contamination of medium and large wounds (41 cm) in the Korean War. All were found to be contaminated with Clostridia, with a mean of 2 different strains of Clostridium per wound.…”

Section: Contamination Of Military Woundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

(iii) Military limb injuries/ballistic fractures

Griffiths

Clasper

2006

Current Orthopaedics

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Section: Contamination Of Military Woundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

(iii) Military limb injuries/ballistic fractures

Griffiths

Clasper

2006

Current Orthopaedics

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“…Fewer studies have been directed at the environment outside hospitals and reports of C. dfficile in the environment suggest either that its geographical distribution may be patchy, or that the different methodologies used were responsible for different isolation rates. For example, Hafiz from Sheffield, England [6] reported the organism in soil, sand and mud, and other workers in Korea [7] and Poland [8] have also found it in soil. However, one study in Perth, Western Australia [9], and a study of 20 random soil samples from Michigan, USA [4] both gave negative results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The distribution of Clostridium difficile in the environment of South Wales

Saif

Brazier²

1996

Journal of Medical Microbiology

228

168

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A large study of the distribution of Clostridium difJicile in the environment of the Cardiff area of South Wales was performed with a methodology designed to maximise recovery. A total of 2580 samples was taken, with 184 (7.1%) yielding isolates. The highest yield for C. d i f f i l e was obtained from river waters, with 14 (87.5%) of 16 samples from four rivers positive, and from sea water samples with 7 (44%) of 15 positive from six beaches on the Bristol Channel. In addition, 7 (46.7%) of 15 samples of lake water were also positive. Twenty-two (21%) of 104 soil samples, taken from random sites in Cardiff, were positive, as were 20% of environmental samples from four Cardiff hospitals. C. difficile was also isolated from 50% of eight swimming pool waters examined and 1 (5.5%) of 18 of mains tap water. Carriage of C. difficile in 524 faecal samples of assorted farm animals was c. 1%, and was 10% in dogs and 2% in cats. In private residences, the organism was present in 12 (2.2%) of 550 samples. While 2.4% of 300 raw vegetable samples were positive, none of 107 assorted fish gut contents was. These findings indicate that C. difficile may be more widely distributed in the general environment, particularly water, than was previously thought.

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“…ince the initial widespread use of antibiotics in hospitals during the 1930s and subsequently on multiple battlefields, Gram-negative bacteria resistant to many first-generation cell wall-targeting antibiotics are now the predominant cause of traumatic wound and burn infections (1)(2)(3). Complications encountered during treatment arise in part due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) A. baumannii isolates (4-7) whose resistance allows them to disseminate, giving rise to septic shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%