The backpropagation algorithm applied to protective relaying

Distance Protection Scheme for Transmission Line Using Back-Propagation Neural Network

“…Error emission is calculated by taking difference between target value T k and the output value O k . Modification of weights is done at two levels as shown in fig1 to obtain better performance [3].…”

Phasor estimation in power systems using a neural network with online training for numerical relays purposes

“…Much attention has been given to the methods based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) in the past because of its potential, and although a few studies were developed [17][18][19], the methods presented were overly complex and impractical. With the advances of computation, it is now being fully explored as a phasor estimation method, and even with a relatively higher computational cost when compared with other methods, the advantages brought by the ANNs can quickly overcome this downside.…”