The backpack problem is evident but the solution is less obvious

Lindstrom-Hazel, Debra

doi:10.3233/wor-2009-0831

Cited by 31 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Previous research findings that suggest a maximum of 15% BW in a backpack are supported by this study ( American Chiropractic Association , American Occupational Therapy Association , American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons ; Furjuoh et al, 2004 ; Hong and Li, 2005 ; Lindstrom-Hazel, 2009 ). There was an increase in the accelerations recorded on the body, both in males and females, suggesting that individuals maybe either approaching or have reached a recommended load for carriage and any greater loads may cause injury due to the forces placed on the body as well as kinematic changes in walking in order to accommodate such heavy loads ( Goh et al, 1998 ; Harman et al, 2000 ; Holt et al, 2005 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Aiming to avoid carrying excessive weight and prevent aforementioned injuries, experts recommend that school backpacks should not exceed 10–15% of the individual’s body mass ( Furjuoh et al, 2004 ; Hong and Li, 2005 ; Lindstrom-Hazel, 2009 ). Regarding the adult population, the recommended lifting limit in the United States is 23 kg, whereas in Italy there is a restriction by law of 30 kg and 20 kg maximum load allowed to be lifted during work for males and females, respectively ( Negrini et al, 1999 ), although literature within adult subjects is scarce and, therefore, further investigation is necessary.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Different Backpack Loads in Acceleration Transmission during Recreational Distance Walking

Lucas-Cuevas

Pérez-Soriano

Bush

et al. 2013

Journal of Human Kinetics

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It is well established nowadays the benefits that physical activity can have on the health of individuals. Walking is considered a fundamental method of movement and using a backpack is a common and economical manner of carrying load weight. Nevertheless, the shock wave produced by the impact forces when carrying a backpack can have detrimental effects on health status. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate differences in the accelerations placed on males and females whilst carrying different loads when walking. Twenty nine sports science students (16 males and 13 females) participated in the study under 3 different conditions: no weight, 10% and 20% body weight (BW) added in a backpack. Accelerometers were attached to the right shank and the centre of the forehead. Results showed that males have lower accelerations than females both in the head (2.62 ± 0.43G compared to 2.83 + 0.47G) and shank (1.37 ± 0.14G compared to 1.52 ± 0.15G; p<0.01). Accelerations for males and females were consistent throughout each backpack condition (p>0.05). The body acts as a natural shock absorber, reducing the amount of force that transmits through the body between the foot (impact point) and head. Anthropometric and body mass distribution differences between males and females may result in women receiving greater impact acceleration compared to men when the same load is carried.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Different Backpack Loads in Acceleration Transmission during Recreational Distance Walking

Lucas-Cuevas

Pérez-Soriano

Bush

et al. 2013

Journal of Human Kinetics

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“…In the United States Moore et al [53] concluded that backpack weights for children should remain below 10% of body weight and a recent review reported recommendations from several authors that back pack weights for children should be limited to 10-15% of body weight or less [54]. However conclusions drawn from studies set in high income countries may not be generalisable to poorer rural communities, where factors such as childhood health, development and general levels and types of physical activity are likely to differ in significant ways.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Domestic water carrying and its implications for health: a review and mixed methods pilot study in Limpopo Province, South Africa

2010

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BackgroundLack of access to safe water remains a significant risk factor for poor health in developing countries. There has been little research into the health effects of frequently carrying containers of water. The aims of this study were to better understand how domestic water carrying is performed, identify potential health risk factors and gain insight into the possible health effects of the task.MethodsMixed methods of data collection from six were used to explore water carrying performed by people in six rural villages of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and through observation and measurement. Linear regression modelling were used to identify significant correlations between potential risk factors and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) or self reported pain. Independent t-tests were used to compare the mean values of potential risk factors and RPE between sub-groups reporting pain and those not reporting pain.ResultsWater carrying was mainly performed by women or children carrying containers on their head (mean container weight 19.5 kg) over a mean distance of 337 m. The prevalence of spinal (neck or back) pain was 69% and back pain was 38%. Of participants who carried water by head loading, the distance walked by those who reported spinal pain was significantly less than those who did not (173 m 95%CI 2-343; p = 0.048). For head loaders reporting head or neck pain compared to those who did not, the differences in weight of water carried (4.6 kg 95%CI -9.7-0.5; p = 0.069) and RPE (2.5 95%CI -5.1-0.1; p = 0.051) were borderline statistically significant. For head loaders, RPE was significantly correlated with container weight (r = 0.52; p = 0.011) and incline (r = 0.459; p = 0.018)ConclusionsTypical water carrying methods impose physical loading with potential to produce musculoskeletal disorders and related disability. This exploratory study is limited by a small sample size and future research should aim to better understand the type and strength of association between water carrying and health, particularly musculoskeletal disorders. However, these preliminary findings suggest that efforts should be directed toward eliminating the need for water carrying, or where it must continue, identifying and reducing risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders and physical injury.

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“…Likewise, almost all previous studies were based exclusively on a postural model, which was used to explain the occurrence of musculoskeletal pain in youth, which in turn served as basis for the prediction of possible chronic musculoskeletal disorders. Numerous studies have shown that there is no clear correlation between the mass of a schoolbag and poor posture, and developing chronic musculoskeletal disorders as a consequence [27,34,42,47,48]. Furthermore, an ongoing discussion is currently trying to determine the importance of the postural–structural–biomechanical model [49,50,51], and the possible consewquent appearance of chronic musculoskeletal disorders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of the Schoolbag on Standing Posture of First-Year Elementary School Students

Jurak

Rađenović

Bolčević

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of the mass of a schoolbag on standing posture in first-year elementary school children. First-year elementary school students (n = 76) participated in this study. The data was digitized and analyzed using SkillSpector and Kinovea. Results have shown a change of Center of Gravity (COG) position in all three anatomical planes (p < 0.01), as well as a change in two out of three measured postural angles—craniovertebral (p < 0.01) and craniocervical (p < 0.01) angle. The most important aspect of changed posture, anterior shift of COG, was measured to be 2.4 cm and was in moderate negative correlation with student body mass (−0.4, p < 0.01) and height (−0.4, p < 0.01) when students were encumbered with a schoolbag weighing 16.11% of their body mass, on the average. Also, this study confirms that when encumbered, students’ head posture shifts to a more protracted position.

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The backpack problem is evident but the solution is less obvious

Cited by 31 publications

References 24 publications

Effects of Different Backpack Loads in Acceleration Transmission during Recreational Distance Walking

Effects of Different Backpack Loads in Acceleration Transmission during Recreational Distance Walking

Domestic water carrying and its implications for health: a review and mixed methods pilot study in Limpopo Province, South Africa

The Influence of the Schoolbag on Standing Posture of First-Year Elementary School Students

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