The background atmospheric concentrations of cyclic perfluorocarbon tracers determined by negative ion-chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Simmonds, Peter; Greally, B. R.; Olivier, S. C. J.; Nickless, G.; Cooke, K. M.; Dietz, R.N.

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(02)00194-2

Cited by 39 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The measured background concentrations of PMCP at the ground near Miri range between 5.18 and 8.95 fmol mol −1 , with a mean value of 6.62 fmol mol −1 and a standard deviation of 1.02 fmol mol −1 (6.62 ± 1.02 fmol mol −1 ). This is comparable to PMCP levels reported from previous field experiments (Kim et al, 2002;Simmonds et al, 2002;Watson et al, 2007;Ren et al, 2014). In the following subsections, the analytical results of the tracer measurements with PERTRAS are presented and comparisons between the measurement and HYS-PLIT simulation are discussed.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

“…The observed background concentrations of most PFCs used are at mixing ratios of typically a few parts per 10 15 (fmol mol −1 ) (Piringer et al, 1997;Straume et al, 1998;Kim et al, 2002;Simmonds et al, 2002;Watson et al, 2007). They are potent greenhouse gases with a high global warming potential (GWP of about 7000).…”

Section: Y Ren Et Al: An Airborne Perfluorocarbon Tracer Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, due to the excellent selectivity and sensitivity and simple manipulation process, the analytical method with negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (NICI-MS) for PFCs has increasingly been used (Begley et al, 1988;Galdiga and Greibrokk, 2000;Cooke et al, 2001;Simmonds et al, 2002).…”

Section: Y Ren Et Al: An Airborne Perfluorocarbon Tracer Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Samples were calibrated using a gas standard prepared at the University of Bristol (Simmonds et al, 2002). The limit of detection (LOD) of the method for PMCP was 1.2 ppq (fmol mol −1 ), detected with a 3 times signal-to-noise ratio.…”

Section: Analytical Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An airborne perfluorocarbon tracer system and its first application for a Lagrangian experiment

2015

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Abstract.A perfluorocarbon tracer system (PERTRAS), specifically designed for Lagrangian aircraft experiments, has been developed by the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt (German Aerospace Center, DLR). It consists of three main parts: a tracer release unit (RU), an adsorption tube sampler (ATS), and a tracer analytical system. The RU was designed for airborne tracer release experiments; meanwhile, it can be used on various platforms for different experimental purposes (here research vessel). PERTRAS was for the first time applied in the field campaign Stratospheric ozone: Halogen Impacts in a Varying Atmosphere (SHIVA) in November 2011. An amount of 8.8 kg perfluoromethylcyclopentane (PMCP) was released aboard the research vessel Sonne (RV Sonne) near the operational site of this campaign, Miri, Malaysia, on 21 November. The tracer samples collected using the ATS onboard the DLR research aircraft Falcon were analyzed in the laboratory using a thermal desorber-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) system. Guided by forecasts calculated with the Lagrangian model Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT), 64 tracer samples were collected onboard the Falcon approximately 5 and 25 h after the release, mostly with a time resolution of 1 min. Enhanced PMCP concentrations relative to ambient PMCP background values (mean: 6.62 fmol mol −1 ) were detected during three intersects of the fresh tracer plume (age 5 h), with a maximum value of 301.33 fmol mol −1 . This indicates that the fresh tracer plume was successfully intercepted at the forecast position. During the second flight, 25 h after the release, the center of tracer plume was not detected by the sampling system due to a faster advection of the plume than forecast. The newly developed PERTRAS system has been successfully deployed for the first time. The instrumental setup and comparisons between the measurements and HYSPLIT simulations are presented in this study.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Y Ren Et Al: An Airborne Perfluorocarbon Tracer Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Y Ren Et Al: An Airborne Perfluorocarbon Tracer Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Analytical Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An airborne perfluorocarbon tracer system and its first application for a Lagrangian experiment

2015

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“…The safety of perfluorocarbon tracers and relevant Material Safety Data Sheets are presented in Allwine (2005). Perfluorocarbon background levels are in the parts per quadrillion (10 15 ) and have remained relatively constant at this low level over the past 4 decades (Dietz, 1987: Simmonds et al, 2002. The total amount of these tracers released in MSG05 was 31.7 grams.…”

Section: Perfluorocarbon Tracersmentioning

confidence: 99%

The New York City Urban Dispersion Program March 2005 Field Study: Tracer Methods and Results.

Watson¹,

Heiser²,

Kalb³

et al. 2005

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Recent and future trends in synthetic greenhouse gas radiative forcing

Rigby

Prinn

O’Doherty

et al. 2014

Geophys. Res. Lett.

121

196

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Atmospheric measurements show that emissions of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons are now the primary drivers of the positive growth in synthetic greenhouse gas (SGHG) radiative forcing. We infer recent SGHG emissions and examine the impact of future emissions scenarios, with a particular focus on proposals to reduce HFC use under the Montreal Protocol. If these proposals are implemented, overall SGHG radiative forcing could peak at around 355 mW m À2 in 2020, before declining by approximately 26% by 2050, despite continued growth of fully fluorinated greenhouse gas emissions. Compared to "no HFC policy" projections, this amounts to a reduction in radiative forcing of between 50 and 240 mW m À2 by 2050 or a cumulative emissions saving equivalent to 0.5 to 2.8 years of CO 2 emissions at current levels. However, more complete reporting of global HFC emissions is required, as less than half of global emissions are currently accounted for.

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The background atmospheric concentrations of cyclic perfluorocarbon tracers determined by negative ion-chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Cited by 39 publications

References 31 publications

An airborne perfluorocarbon tracer system and its first application for a Lagrangian experiment

An airborne perfluorocarbon tracer system and its first application for a Lagrangian experiment

The New York City Urban Dispersion Program March 2005 Field Study: Tracer Methods and Results.

Recent and future trends in synthetic greenhouse gas radiative forcing

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