The Bacillus subtilis flagellin gene (hag) is transcribed by the sigma 28 form of RNA polymerase

Mirel, Daniel B.; Chamberlin, Michael J.

doi:10.1128/jb.171.6.3095-3101.1989

Cited by 160 publications

(176 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…Chloramphenicol (5 jig/ml), erythromycin (1 j,g/ml), and lincomycin (25 ,ug/ml) were added when appropriate. E. coli TG-2 was grown in LB, and ampicillin (30 transformants was found to contain pLM2, which contains a 1.9-kb PstI-EcoRI fragment as depicted in Fig. 1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was accomplished by having primers synthesized which were complementary to sequences upstream of the gaps. In all cases the sequencing reactions were done with the reagents contained within the Sequenase kit (U.S. Biochemicals) and the DNA sequences were compiled and analyzed as described previously (30).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The a' factor is expressed during vegetative growth in B. subtilis (15) and has been shown to be required for flagellin and wild-type motility and/or chemotaxis functions (19,28). In fact, uD holoenzyme is directly responsible for transcription of the flagellin structural gene (30), the motility genes motA and motB (31), and the flgM regulatory gene (30a). The specific role of CD in the expression of chemotaxis genes is still unknown, although several sequences which conform to the consensus promoter sequence for CD have been identified upstream of some chemotaxis genes (1,27).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the sigD transcription unit of Bacillus subtilis

Márquez-Magaña

Chamberlin

1994

J Bacteriol

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The 0FD factor of BaciUlus subtilis is required for the transcription of the flagellin and motility genes as well as for wild-type chemotaxis. Southern blot and sequence analyses demonstrate that the structural gene for SFD, sigD, is located immediately downstream of a region of DNA originally identified as the chemotaxis (che) locus and now renamed thefla/che region. In fact, sigD appears to be part of a very large operon (>26 kb) containing genes which encode structural proteins that form the hook-basal body complex as well as regulatory proteins required for chemotaxis. Transposon insertions up to 24 kb upstream of sigD, within several of the genes for the hook-basal body components, give rise to only a moderate decrease in sigD expression. The transposon insertions, however, block CrD activity as demonstrated by the lack of flagellin expression in strains bearing these insertions. These effects appear to arise from two types of regulation. In cis the transposon insertions appear to introduce a partial block to transcription of sigD from upstream promoter elements; in trans they disrupt genes whose gene products are required for oD activity. It appears that sigD transcription is initiated, at least in part, by a promoter many kilobases upstream of its translation start site and that transcription of the flagellin gene by SFD is dependent on the formation of a functional hook-basal body complex. The possibility that sigD is part of the Ia/che operon was further tested by the integration of an insertion plasmid, containing strong transcription terminators, 1.6 and 24 kb upstream of the sigD gene. In both cases, the introduction of the terminators resulted in a greater decrease of sigD expression than was caused by the plasmid sequences alone. These results indicate that wild-type transcription of sigD is dependent on promoter sequences >24 kb upstream of its structural gene and that the entirefla/che region forms a single operon.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the sigD transcription unit of Bacillus subtilis

Márquez-Magaña

Chamberlin

1994

J Bacteriol

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“…We focused our studies on three distinct cell types: motile, matrix-producing, and sporulating. These cell types can be distinguished by monitoring gene expression; hag encodes flagellin and is essential for motility (Mirel and Chamberlin 1989), the yqxM operon encodes the major protein component of the extracellular matrix Chu et al 2006), and sspB encodes a small acid-soluble protein found only in sporulating cells (see Fig. 1A; Setlow 1988).…”

Section: Biofilms Comprise Heterogeneous Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of cell fate by the formation of an architecturally complex bacterial community

Vlamakis¹,

Aguilar²,

Losick³

et al. 2008

Genes Dev.

484

648

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Bacteria form architecturally complex communities known as biofilms in which cells are held together by an extracellular matrix. Biofilms harbor multiple cell types, and it has been proposed that within biofilms individual cells follow different developmental pathways, resulting in heterogeneous populations. Here we demonstrate cellular differentiation within biofilms of the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus subtilis, and present evidence that formation of the biofilm governs differentiation. We show that motile, matrix-producing, and sporulating cells localize to distinct regions within the biofilm, and that the localization and percentage of each cell type is dynamic throughout development of the community. Importantly, mutants that do not produce extracellular matrix form unstructured biofilms that are deficient in sporulation. We propose that sporulation is a culminating feature of biofilm formation, and that spore formation is coupled to the formation of an architecturally complex community of cells.[Keywords: Bacillus; biofilm; cell fate; development; multicellularity] Supplemental material is available at http://www.genesdev.org.

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“…In various Bacilli, sporulating cells are becoming hypermotile [3]. This upsurge in motility of B. subtilis has been related to the oD-dependent transcription of the flagellin gene [4]. It has been concluded from the DNA sequence analysis, that in B. subtilis as well as in E, coli and Salmonella typhimurium, chemotactic and flagellar genes are organized in a regulon containing promoters controlled by alternative sigma factors [5,.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motility and chemotaxis in Bacillus sphaericus dependence upon stage of growth

1994

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Chemotaxis and motility of Bacillus sphaericus 2362 were monitored as a function of the batch culture age. It was found that both functions changed independently during growth of the culture. Motility was low until the late logarithmic stage ensued, whereafter it increased sharply. The ability of cells to respond to chemo-effectors peaked at the mid-logarithmic phase. A major methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (P53, M, = 53 kDa) was identified. The extent of label incorporation in this protein from L-[methyl-'Hlmethionine was maximal in mid-and late-logarithmic phases of the growth. Cells in stationary cultures incorporated very low amounts of the label. At any stage, the labeling was maximal in starved cells; it was almost abolished in cells pre-incubated with amino acids. Although extents of P53 labeling in mid-and late logarithmic cells were similar, late logarithmic cells demonstrated a considerably impaired chemotaxis. Supermotile sporulating cells were practically insensitive to environmental stimuli. The dflerence in development of sensory and locomotive functions may be interpreted as an adaptive response. A well developed sensory apparatus would allow vegetative cells to adapt efficiently to fluctuating attractant gradients. Insensitive sporulating cells would tend to disperse randomly from the nutrient-exhausted area. Thus, spore formation would occur in larger volume of the habitat, increasing the chance of microbial population to survive.

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The Bacillus subtilis flagellin gene (hag) is transcribed by the sigma 28 form of RNA polymerase

Cited by 160 publications

References 44 publications

Characterization of the sigD transcription unit of Bacillus subtilis

Characterization of the sigD transcription unit of Bacillus subtilis

Control of cell fate by the formation of an architecturally complex bacterial community

Motility and chemotaxis in Bacillus sphaericus dependence upon stage of growth

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