The axon protective effects of syringic acid on ischemia/reperfusion injury in a rat sciatic nerve model

Tokmak, Mehmet; Şehitoğlu, Müşerref Hilal; Yüksel, Yasemin Topal; Güven, Mustafa; Akman, Tolga; Aras, Adem Bozkurt; Yaka, Umut; Gömleksiz, Cengiz; Albayrak, Serdar Baki; Çoşar, Murat

doi:10.5137/1019-5149.jtn.14656-15.5

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Tokmak et al reported that SYR decreases oxidative damage, apoptosis, and neurodegeneration on pyramidal neurons. They suggested that the neuroprotective effects of SYR are related to reduction of oxidative stress, glial activation, and apoptosis [ 17 ]. Other phenolic compounds such as rosmarinic acid [ 43 ], epigallocatechin-3-gallate [ 44 ], gallic acid [ 45 ], and ellagic acid [ 46 ] showed positive effects on memory impairment, and glutathione (GSH) is a part of antioxidant defence systems which regulate and maintain the cellular redox status [ 47 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is able to scavenge free radicals, regulate enzyme activity, and diverse transcription factors involved in diabetes, inflammation, angiogenesis, and cancer [ 15 ]. Furthermore, SYR had neuroprotective effects on oxidative stress and axonal degeneration in rodent sciatic nerves after ischemia-reperfusion injury [ 17 ]. Also, in our previous studies, we observed that SYR improved hepatic complications [ 18 ] and nephropathy in diabetic rats [ 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neuroprotective Effect of Syringic Acid by Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Mass in Diabetic Rats

Rashedinia

Alimohammadi

Shalfroushan

et al. 2020

BioMed Research International

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Diabetes is a metabolic complaint associated with oxidative stress and dysfunction of mitochondria. One of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus is neuropathy. This study evaluated the possible neuroprotective effects of syringic acid (SYR), a natural polyphenolic derivative of benzoic acid, on oxidative damage and mitochondria in the brain, spinal cord, and sciatic nerve of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Different groups of rats including normal control, diabetics (induced by streptozotocin), diabetic groups treated with 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg of SYR, and non-diabetic group treated with only 100 mg/kg of SYR were treated for 6 weeks. Learning and memory function, physical coordination, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and antioxidant indexes, as well as mRNA expression of mitochondrial biogenesis, were measured in the brain, spinal cord, and sciatic nerves. Diabetic rats treated with 100 mg/kg SYR exhibited significantly improved learning, memory, and movement deficiency ( p < 0.05 ). SYR 100 mg/kg also significantly upregulated the brain mRNA expression of PGC-1α and NRF-1, the key regulators of energy metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial biogenesis. In addition, SYR 100 mg/kg and SYR 50 mg/kg increased the mtDNA/nDNA ratio in the brain and the spinal cord of diabetic rats, respectively ( p < 0.05 ). SYR attenuated the lipid peroxidation in all the tissues, but not significant effects were observed on GSH, AChE, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activity. In all the tests, nonsignificant differences were observed between the control and SYR 100 mg/kg groups. Moreover, SYR reduced inflammation and demyelination in sciatic nerves. This is the first study to reveal the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism by SYR, beyond its antioxidant role in the diabetic rats’ brain and spinal tissues.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroprotective Effect of Syringic Acid by Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Mass in Diabetic Rats

Rashedinia

Alimohammadi

Shalfroushan

et al. 2020

BioMed Research International

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“…However, this sample also presents high level of anthocyanins; thus, it is difficult to directly associate these facts although the high concentrations of these compounds could act in a synergic way, increasing the antioxidant activity of the extract. Syringic acid is less known than other phenolic compounds, but it has been reported to possess a dose-and time-dependent inhibitory effect on cell proliferation of the hormone-sensitive breast cancer cell line, 34 axon protective effects in rat sciatic nerve aer ischemia/ reperfusion injury, 35 suppression of concanavalin a-induced liver injury in mice, 36 and to prevent obesogenic diet-induced weight gain, adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hepatosteatosis. 37 Thus, considering the high levels of syringic acid found in GPEs and the abovementioned bioactive properties of this compound, future studies should be performed to establish its antioxidant properties and/or synergic effects with other phenolic compounds in different systems.…”

Section: Identication and Quantication Of Non-anthocyaninsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenolics profiling of pomace extracts from different grape varieties cultivated in Argentina

et al. 2017

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“…Syringic acid (4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid) is a naturally occurring phenolic compound mainly found in fruits of edible plants and mushrooms (Itoh et al, 2009;Pacheco-Palencia, Mertens-Talcott, & Talcott, 2008). It has wide range of pharmaceutical applications including antioxidant (Gao et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2016;Zhou et al, 2017), anti-diabetic (Muthukumaran, Srinivasan, Venkatesan, Ramachandran, & Muruganantham, 2013), hepatoprotective (Itoh et al, 2009;Itoh et al, 2010;Yan, Wang, Yen, Lee, & Yin, 2016), antihyperlipidemic (Ramachandran, 2010), cardioprotective (Ding et al, 2017;Rasheeda, Bharathy, & NishadFathima, 2018), neuroprotective (Rasheeda et al, 2018;Tokmak et al, 2017), and anti-inflammatory properties (Ham et al, 2016;Lee et al, 2012). Syringic acid extracted from Herba dendrobii has potential inhibiting activity on aldose reductase and its gene expression and thereby suppresses the diabetic cataract in eye lenses of rat model (Wei et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Syringic acid on antioxidant biomarkers and associated inflammatory markers in mice model of asthma

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2018

Drug Development Research

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Asthma is termed as the induction of chronic inflammation in the airway lumen of lungs due to accumulation of inflammatory cells which affects normal breathing process. Prolonged accumulation of inflammatory cells leads to oxidative stress and suppression of antioxidant activities. Therefore, in our present investigation, a potential phenolic compound, Syringic acid was tested for the suppression of inflammatory markers toward an antiasthmatic activity in ovalbumin (OVA)‐induced asthmatic mice model. As a result, the Syringic acid treatment was found to suppress the inflammatory cells; eosinophil, neutrophil, macrophage, lymphocyte, and other inflammatory markers including IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13, and TNF‐α in the BALF of OVA‐induced asthmatic mice. Similarly, IgE levels were significantly reduced in the blood serum of Syringic acid treated mice groups. In this context, the IFN‐γ levels were found enhanced in the BALF of Syringic acid treated asthmatic mice groups, expressing an anti‐inflammatory response. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants such as SOD, CAT, and GSH levels were found high in the Syringic acid treatment than the asthmatic control group, which depicts the antioxidant response of Syringic acid on asthmatic groups. Intriguingly, the ROS, NO2, NO3, and MDA levels were inhibited in the BALF of Syringic acid treated mice groups. The airway hyper‐reactivity (AHR) was comparatively normal in the Syringic acid treatment as it was severe in the case of asthmatic control group. Consequently, the effect of Syringic acid is prominent in the treatment of asthma by controlling the accumulation of inflammatory cells, other inflammatory markers along with enhancement of antioxidant markers, suppression of ROS and controlling airway hyperreactivity. Hence, Syringic acid may be recommended for clinical trials in the treatment of asthma.

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The axon protective effects of syringic acid on ischemia/reperfusion injury in a rat sciatic nerve model

Cited by 18 publications

References 26 publications

Neuroprotective Effect of Syringic Acid by Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Mass in Diabetic Rats

Neuroprotective Effect of Syringic Acid by Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Mass in Diabetic Rats

Phenolics profiling of pomace extracts from different grape varieties cultivated in Argentina

Effect of Syringic acid on antioxidant biomarkers and associated inflammatory markers in mice model of asthma

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