The Autisms

Coleman, Mary; Gillberg, Christopher

doi:10.1093/med/9780199732128.001.0001

Cited by 74 publications

(90 citation statements)

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“…In fact, fewer than 5 % of individuals with ASD have been found to express ASD diagnostic social impairment and RRBs together without any non-ASD symptoms (Lundström et al 2015b), and/or minor physical anomalies (MPAs) , and/or MCAs (Timonen-Soivio et al 2015). More than 95 % of individuals with ASD express ASD diagnostic symptoms along with ADHD, ID, epilepsy, language impairment, motor dysfunctions, attention deficits, anxiety, varied medical conditions, and many other symptoms (Coleman and Gillberg 2012;Lundström et al 2015b;Pine et al 2008;Richards et al 2015;Waterhouse 2013). Because the vast majority of those diagnosed with ASD also express one or more non-ASD symptoms, ASD lacks the construct validity that would be provided by diagnostic symptom co-expression in the absence of other symptoms.…”

Section: Criteria Validity Research Approach 2: Do the Two Core Asd Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

ASD Validity

Waterhouse

London

Gillberg

2016

Rev J Autism Dev Disord

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ASD research is at an important crossroads. The ASD diagnosis is important for assigning a child to early behavioral intervention and explaining a child's condition. But ASD research has not provided a diagnosis-specific medical treatment, or a consistent early predictor, or a unified life course. If the ASD diagnosis also lacks biological and construct validity, a shift away from studying ASD-defined samples would be warranted. Consequently, this paper reviews recent findings for the neurobiological validity of ASD, the construct validity of ASD diagnostic criteria, and the construct validity of ASD spectrum features. The findings reviewed indicate that the ASD diagnosis lacks biological and construct validity. The paper concludes with proposals for research going forward.Keywords DSM-5 . ASD . Autism . Diagnosis . Validity . Comorbidity . HeterogeneityThe goal of the DSM-3 nosology (American Psychiatric Association 1980) was to create reliable and standard categorical psychiatric diagnoses (Robins and Guze 1970). However, in the past 30 years, clinical, genetics, and neuroscience findings have revealed that the DSM diagnoses are not biologically valid. The National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH) responded by proposing the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework for a brain-based transdiagnostic psychiatric symptom nosology (Cuthbert and Insel 2013;Insel et al. 2010;Lilienfeld and Treadway 2016). Peterson (2015) and Weinberger et al. (2015) argued that the RDoC could not replace the DSM-5 psychiatric nosology (American Psychiatric Association 2013) or the parallel International Classification of Diseases (ICD) psychiatric nosology (World Health Organization 2012). But BFor the foreseeable future, RDoC is not envisioned as a system of psychiatric classification in its own right. Instead, in the near term, RDoC and DSM-ICD are expected to coexist. Nevertheless, RDoC is intended to provide scaffolding for a large-scale research program that will ultimately yield an alternative to DSM-ICD^ (Lilienfeld and Treadway 2016, p. 445).RDoC advocates accept that DSM-5/ICD psychiatric categories remain necessary in clinical practice, but argue that researchers should shift to RDoC study designs immediately. They assert that studying psychiatric categories lacking biological validity blocks the discovery of brain bases for psychopathology and thus cannot lead to effective medical treatments for specific psychiatric symptoms (Cuthbert and Insel 2013;Insel et al. 2010;Lilienfeld and Treadway 2016;Yee et al. 2015). Against this RDoC imperative for biological validity, Weinberger et al. (2015) countered that current DSM-5 psychiatric behavioral diagnoses were valid when they yielded effective medical treatment, clear prognosis, and a life course specific to a diagnosis.Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) research has been productive (Dawson 2016;de la Torre-Ubieta et al. 2016;Szatmari et al. 2016), but no ASD research findings have met the validity criteria of Weinberger et al. (2015). DSM-5 ASD research has found no s...

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Section: Criteria Validity Research Approach 2: Do the Two Core Asd Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

ASD Validity

Waterhouse

London

Gillberg

2016

Rev J Autism Dev Disord

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“…Horrela, haur arraroak, misteriotsuak eta enigmatikoak historiaren bidez gure kulturaren parte izan dira. Horietako batzuk haur basati bezala ezagunak ziren, otseme edo beste animali basatiengatik haziak (Coleman eta Gillberg, 1989). Esaterako, Lorna Wing-ek Victor-en kasuan, Aveyron-go haur basatiaren kasuan alegia, nahaste autista bat dagoela argudiatzen du (Wing, 1997).…”

Section: Bilakaera Historikoaunclassified

“…Gainera, artikuluan behaturiko haur guztiek partekatzen zituzten ezaugarriak ere nabarmendu zituen, besteak beste, sekulako bakardade autista, ingurunea aldaketarik gabe mantentzeko nahia, oroimen bikaina, estimuluei hipersentiberatasuna eta ekintza espontaneoaren aldaeran mugak (Happé, 2007). Azken finean, beren hasierako bizitzatik izugarrizko bakardadea eta monotonia mantentzeko desira obsesiboa ezaugarrietan bat etortzen zirela egiaztatu zuen (Coleman eta Gillberg, 1989).…”

Section: Bilakaera Historikoaunclassified

Laguntzadun enpleguaren bidez autismo espektroaren nahastea duten pertsonen laneratzea enplegu ordinarioan. Hiru esperientzien azterketa

Zubiaur¹,

Amundarain²

2017

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Ondorengo ikerketa kualitatiboaren xedea autismo espektroaren nahastea duten pertsonak laguntzadun enpleguaren bidez enplegu ordinarioan nola txertatzen diren miatzea izan da. Horretarako, elkarrizketa sakonak eta erdi-egituratuak garatuz, nahaste hau duten hiru langile eta prozesu horretan lagundu duten senide eta profesional desberdinen diskurtsoa aztertu da, hauek guztiek bizi izandako hiru esperientziak aintzat hartuz: enplegu ordinarioa, laguntzadun enplegua eta zentro okupazionala. Ikerketaren ildo azpimarragarriek desgaitasuna duten pertsonak laguntza egokia izanez enplegu ordinario batean lan egiteko kapaz direla erakutsi dute. Gainera, etorkizunari begira pertsona hauen egoera lan esparruan normalizatzeko premia azaleratu da, konpromiso horretan herritar guztiek parte hartuz. Azkenik, lan prestatzailea alde guztien arteko bitartekotzat zein prozesuan zehar pertsona bideratzen duen etengabeko orientatzailetzat hartu beharra dago. Gako-hitzak:Autismo espektroaren nahastea, enplegu ordinarioa, laguntzadun enplegua, gizarteratzea, lan prestatzailea.El objetivo de la siguiente investigación cualitativa ha sido examinar cómo se incorporan las personas con trastorno del espectro autista en el empleo ordinario a través del empleo con apoyo. Para ello, mediante entrevistas en profundidad y semiestructuradas se ha analizado el discurso de tres trabajadores/as con este trastorno y de diferentes familiares y profesionales que han ayudado en ese proceso, teniendo en cuenta las tres experiencias vividas por los/as tres trabajadores/as: empleo ordinario, empleo con apoyo y centro ocupacional. La investigación muestra que, con ayuda adecuada, las personas con discapacidad son capaces de trabajar en un empleo ordinario. Además, de cara al futuro ha quedado de manifiesto la necesidad de que la situación de estas personas en el ámbito laboral se normalice, proceso en el que ha de participar la ciudanía en su conjunto. Por último, es necesario considerar al preparador/a laboral como mediador/a entre todas las partes y como orientador/a que guía a la persona durante el proceso. Palabras clave:Trastorno del espectro autista, empleo ordinario, empleo con apoyo, integración social, preparador/a laboral.

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“…Such a hypothesis might help explain why 30% of individuals with one of The Autisms, many of them not yet diagnosed with their underlying disease entity, have a seizure disorder; this is a figure higher than is found even in severely retarded individuals. There are at least 35 diagnosed disease entities with autism/ epilepsy described in the medical literature [1] and now that the cost of genome sequencing has dropped to an affordable range, undoubtedly many more will be identified.…”

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confidence: 99%