The auriferous ore mineralization and its zonal distribution around the Variscan Kłodzko-Złoty Stok granitoid pluton in the Sudetes (SW Poland) – an overview

Mikulski, Stanisław Z.; Speczik, Stanisław

doi:10.7306/gq.1284

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The third va ri ety is a dis sem inated löllingite-ar seno py rite ore that oc curs in side black ser pentin ite. Sub-mi cro scopic and mi cro scopic gold oc curs in all the ore types (Mikulski and Speczik, 2016). Other ore min er als, such as py rite, ga lena, sphalerite, chal co py rite, schee lite, glaucodot, cobaltite, cubanite, marcasite, bis muthi nite, bis muth, ar senic, and Ni-Fe-Co sulphoarsenides oc cur as small ag gre gates of no eco nomic sig nif i cance (Mikulski, 1996;Muszer, 2011).…”

Section: Geologymentioning

confidence: 98%

Secondary arsenic minerals from the Złoty Stok As-Au abandoned mine (SW Poland)

Siuda

Macioch

2018

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As so ci ate ed i tor: Stanis³aw Wo³kowicz Sec ond ary ar senic min er als (SAM) formed re cently in aban doned adits of the for mer Au-As mine at Z³oty Stok (SW Po land) con sti tute two as sem blages. The first con sists of two types of scorodite, pitticite, kaòkite, hörnesite, picropharmacolite and mi nor amounts of jarosite and gyp sum. For ma tion of the Fe ar se nates took place un der acidic con di tions (pH ~3-4) as a result of löllingite, ar seno py rite and py rite ox i da tion. Hörnesite and picropharmacolite crys tal lized as prod ucts of in ter ac tions be tween acidic ar senic-rich pore so lu tions with Mg-Ca car bon ates from rocks that sur round the ore min er ali sa tion. The in terac tion of car bon ates with acid pore so lu tions caused a rapid in crease in pH that reached neu tral or weakly al ka line val ues. The chem i cal com po si tions of hörnesite and picropharmacolite cor re spond well to their ideal com po si tions: (Mg 3.17 Ca 0.07) S3.24 (AsO 4) 1.90 × 8H 2 O and Ca 4.31 Mg 0.92 (HAsO 4) 1.91 [(AsO 4) 1.99 (SO 4) 0.01 ] S2.00 × 11H 2 O, re spec tively. The sec ond assem blage of SAM com prises ex clu sively the Mg-en riched erythrite [(Co 1.66 Mg 1.03 Ni 0.28 Ca 0.05 Zn 0.02) S3.03 (AsO 4) 1.99 × 8H 2 O)]anna ber gite [(Ni 1.48 Mg 0.94 Co 0.66 Ca 0.12 Fe 0.01 Zn 0.01) S3.20 (AsO 4) 1.92 × 8H 2 O] se ries. These min er als crys tal lized from slightly acidic (pH ~5-6) to neu tral me dia. Dis so lu tion of SAM and other sec ond ary phases (e.g., schwertmannite) causes the release of ar se nate and sul phate ions into mine wa ters. These ions can be re duced un der an aer o bic con di tions by dif fer ent strains of bac te ria. The prod uct of this pro cess is orpiment.

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Section: Geologymentioning

confidence: 98%

Secondary arsenic minerals from the Złoty Stok As-Au abandoned mine (SW Poland)

Siuda

Macioch

2018

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“…The deposits in Złoty Stok are metasomatic in origin, of skarn type (Mikulski & Speczik, 2016). Faults formed during the Alpine orogenic events facilitated the migration of fluids as a source of the ore minerals (Marszałek & Wąsik, 2000).…”

Section: Geology and History Of Ore Processing In Złoty Stokmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Faults formed during the Alpine orogenic events facilitated the migration of fluids as a source of the ore minerals (Marszałek & Wąsik, 2000). Mineralization occurred in pyroxenites, amphibolites, dolomitic marbles, calc‐silicate rocks and serpentinites in the form of veins and nests (Gil et al, 2015; Mikulski & Speczik, 2016) (see Supplementary Material 1 in the additional supporting information). Ore mineralization consists mainly of löllingite (FeAs 2 ) and arsenopyrite (FeAsS).…”

Section: Geology and History Of Ore Processing In Złoty Stokmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complete reconstruction of the process and conditions during gold smelting in the 15th–17th centuries in Złoty Stok based on metallurgical slags

et al. 2022

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This study presents the first complete reconstruction of gold metallurgy in Złoty Stok, Poland. The key parameters of the process (i.e., temperature of smelting and solidification, melt viscosity, oxygen fugacity) are calculated using the remnants of the process: metallurgical slags. The slags consist of silicate phases (i.e., olivine, pyroxene), sulfides and arsenides (i.e., pyrrhotite, Fe 2 As), as well as glass. These slags are chemically dominated by SiO 2 (< 56.60 wt%), MgO (< 18.36 wt %), FeO (< 15.36 wt%), and CaO (< 15.19 wt%). The obtained results indicate that the temperature during the metallurgical process was at least 1300-1350 C, and crystallization of the slags took place until they cooled to < 1200 C. The morphology of olivine crystals in the slags indicates large differences in their cooling rate, from 5 to 300 C/h. Strongly reducing conditions during the metallurgical process (À10.5 to À11.5 log fO 2 ) was confirmed. Low melt viscosity (log ƞ = 0.26 -0.90 Pa s) facilitated the separation of the sulfide melt rich in gold from the silicate melt being the slag precursor. The obtained results allowed existing descriptions of the smelting process in Złoty Stok to be corrected.

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“…The com par i son of the Ag con tents of placer grains from the Zimnik Creek drain age ba sin, pre sented in Ap pen dix 2, high lights the con trast be tween the orogenic gold and the one formed by the ox i diz ing chlo ride hy dro ther mal sys tems. The pop u la tions of placer gold grains de rived from Pa leo zoic orogenic gold min er al iza tion in the Sudetes are typ i cally sim ple Au-Ag al loys con tain ing be tween 5 and 20 wt.% Ag, of ten showing a con stant com po si tion from a sin gle source (Mikulski, 2005(Mikulski, , 2007Mikulski and Speczik, 2016).…”

Section: Application Of the Placer Gold Mineralogy To Explorationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of placer gold and other heavy minerals from fluvial Cenozoic sediments in close proximity to Rote Fäule-related Au mineralisation in the North Sudetic Trough, SW Poland

Wierchowiec

Zieliński

2016

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1 Uni ver sity of War saw, Fac ulty of Ge ol ogy, ¯wirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Po land Wierchowiec, J., Zieliñski, K., 2017. Or i gin of placer gold and other heavy min er als from flu vial Ce no zoic sed i ments in close prox im ity to Rote Fäule-re lated Au min er ali sa tion in the North Sudetic Trough, SW Po land. Geo log i cal Quar terly, 61 (1): 62-80, doi: 10.7306/gq.1315 De tailed mor pho log i cal and geo chem i cal stud ies of placer gold grains and other heavy min er als from Ce no zoic flu vial clastic sed i ments in the area of the Zimnik Creek drain age ba sin (North Sudetic Trough, Lower Silesia) al lowed the de scrip tion of their spe cific fea tures: shape and mor phol ogy, flat ness in dex, in ter nal tex tural fea tures and chem i cal com po si tion of the gold grains. It en ables an es ti ma tion of the dis tance from the source area and de ter mi na tion of the source of the ore min er ali sation, along with es tab lish ing the feeder ar eas for placer min er ali sa tion in clud ing Rote Fäule-re lated gold hosted by Rotliegend-Zechstein tran si tional sed i ments. The com par i son of the heavy min eral con tents of placer grains from the Zimnik Creek drain age ba sin makes it pos si ble to iden tify the area of or i gin for the gold par ti cles. The crys tal line Au-Ag-Pd-Hg (polymetallic) al loy grains of flu vial gold are as sumed to come from the tran si tional sed i ments be tween the Rotliegend and the Zechstein in the North Sudetic Ba sin. The mor pho log i cal and geo chem i cal fea tures of the polymetallic grains strongly sug gest that the grains from the up per course of the Zimnik Creek val ley sed i ments rep re sent what has eroded from the lo cal gold min er ali sa tion and this min er ali sa tion is prob a bly in the vi cin ity of the up stream sam pling site. The bi modal chem i cal com po si tion of the Au-Ag-Pd-Hg al loy grains with electrum and me dium-Ag grains (<15 wt.% Ag) found in the study area is typ i cal of the Rote Fäule and Kupferschiefer-re lated gold min er ali sa tion on the south ern side of the North Sudetic Trough and the Sieroszowice-Polkowice cop per min ing dis trict of the Fore-Sudetic Monocline. The study of the Ag con tents of placer grains from the Zimnik Creek drain age ba sin high lights the con trast be tween the placer gold grains de rived from Paleozoic orogenic gold min er ali sa tion in the Sudetes (typ i cally sim ple Au-Ag al loys con tain ing be tween 5 and 20 wt.% of Ag) and the one formed by the ox i diz ing chlo ride hy dro ther mal sys tems. The grains iden ti fied in this man ner as orig i nat ing from the ox idiz ing hy dro ther mal sys tem of the tran si tional zone can be dis tin guished from the placer gold de rived from other styles of min er ali sa tion, which are not Rote Fäule-re lated. It is par tic u larly im por tant con sid er ing the on go ing re con nais sance ex plora tion in the North Sudetic Trough (SW Po land), which em ploys gold grain anal y ses as a pros pect ing tool for the de tec tion of po ten tial...

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The auriferous ore mineralization and its zonal distribution around the Variscan Kłodzko-Złoty Stok granitoid pluton in the Sudetes (SW Poland) – an overview

Cited by 6 publications

References 49 publications

Secondary arsenic minerals from the Złoty Stok As-Au abandoned mine (SW Poland)

Secondary arsenic minerals from the Złoty Stok As-Au abandoned mine (SW Poland)

Complete reconstruction of the process and conditions during gold smelting in the 15th–17th centuries in Złoty Stok based on metallurgical slags

Origin of placer gold and other heavy minerals from fluvial Cenozoic sediments in close proximity to Rote Fäule-related Au mineralisation in the North Sudetic Trough, SW Poland

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