The Augmentation of the Provitamin a Potency of Carotene when Fed in Margarine

Deuel, Harry J.; Greenberg, Samuel M.; Savage, Evelyn E.; Melnick, Daniel

doi:10.1093/jn/43.3.371

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…However, it has in fact become common practice to control this variable in biological assays by supplementing with tocopherols the cottonseed oil used in diluting the samples and standards (4).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…I n view of the publication by Deuel, Greenberg, Savage and Melnick (4) regarding the augmented biological activity of carotene when fed in margarine, sample H was also fed to two levels of rats using margarine oilc (to which the 0.3% tocopherols were added) as a carrier. This particular margarine oil contained all the oil-soluble additives normally used in margarine with the exception of the vitamin A.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As yet, the United States Pharmacopoeia has not taken official cognizance of the necessity of adding supplementary tocopherols to the diet. However, it has in fact become common practice to control this variable in biological assays by supplementing with tocopherols the cottonseed oil used in diluting the samples and standards (4).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A RE‐EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL POTENCY OF BETA CAROTENE^a

Barnett¹,

Espoy²

1957

Journal of Food Science

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The International Unit of vitamin A activity was defined in 1934 as the biological response given by 0.6 pg. of pure beta carotene. Subsequently, the United States Pharmacopoeia prepared and distributed several standards consisting of cod liver oil preparations to which were assigned certain biological potencies. These preparations, however, did not prove to be suitable and their biological potency in terms of beta carotene was apparently greatly over-rated. With the isolation and availability of pure vitamin A esters, a new standard was adopted by the United States Pharmacopoeia consisting of a solution of vitamin A acetate in cottonseed oil. On the basis of the vitamin A content of this preparation, 0.3 pg. gives one unit of vitamin A activity. This new unit of vitamin A was presumed to be identical to the old unit based on 0.6 pg. of carotene. If such were the case, it would appear that the organism is able to recover only one molecule of vitamin A from one molecule of carotene.During the past few years, several publications have appeared (2, 3, 17, 20) indicating that under the proper conditions, all-trans beta carotene gives a biological response approaching that given by an equal weight of vitamin A. This agreed with the fact that biological assays on our commercial carotene products derived from carrots were higher than could be explained on the basis of their carotene content.At the present time, most of the carotene being manufactured is used in margarine where its biological activity is included as a part of the vitamin A potency. Inasmuch as the U.S.P. biological assay is the only officially accepted method for the determination of the vitamin A activity of margarine, it is obviously of great importance to know the biological activity of carotene in terms of this assay method. EXPERIMENTALWith but one exception, all of the assays reported here were on crystalline carotene products derived from carrots. Many of the samples were commercial materials which cdntained some alpha carotene along with the beta carotene.The relative amounts of the two carotenes were determined by chromatographic separation on columns of magnesium oxide (Westvaco No. 2642) : Hi-Flo Super Cel or of calcium hydroxide followed by spectrophotometric assays. The concentration of beta carotene was calculated by measurement of the absorbance a t 450 mp in hexane solution and use of an extinction coefficient (EiTJ of 2520. Alpha carotene was measured a t 446 mp using an extinction coefficient of 2720. I n addition, the absorbance ratio

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A RE‐EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL POTENCY OF BETA CAROTENE^a

Barnett¹,

Espoy²

1957

Journal of Food Science

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“…Choline has been mentioned as the limiting factor in the resynthesis of phospholipid (lecithin) in the intestinal cells and this emulsifier plays an important role in fat absorption. It is also known that carotene is far more responsive to the concomitant presence of emulsifiers than is preformed vitamin A with respect to absorption and utilization (Deuel et al, 1951). It is postulated that through such a mechanism choline contributes to better utilization of ingested carotene.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supplementary Vitamin A and Choline in the Diet of the Growing Chick

et al. 1955

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“…Thus, in obtaining permission from the U. S. Food and Drug Administration to include @-carotene as a source of vitamin A in margarine, and al8o as a coloring agent for the margarine, it was only necessary to demonstrate that @-carotene added to margarine gave the same provitamin A activity alone and in the presence of preformed vitamin A as is obtained when it is used as a source of vitamin A in the usual bioassay procedures. I n fact, a suggestion was made that margarine was an especially favorable vehicle for supplying @-carotene, as there appeared to be some potentiation of the vitamin A-activity when the pigment was administered in this manner to rats (6). Evidence was likewise obtained of the stability of @-carotene in margarine over long periods of storage, as determined both chemically and biologically.…”

Section: Pathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

TOXICOLOGICAL DETERMINATION OF SUITABILITY OF FOOD ADDITIVES^a

Deuel

1955

Journal of Food Science

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The Augmentation of the Provitamin a Potency of Carotene when Fed in Margarine

Cited by 13 publications

References 20 publications

A RE‐EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL POTENCY OF BETA CAROTENE^a

A RE‐EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL POTENCY OF BETA CAROTENE^a

Supplementary Vitamin A and Choline in the Diet of the Growing Chick

TOXICOLOGICAL DETERMINATION OF SUITABILITY OF FOOD ADDITIVES^a

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The Augmentation of the Provitamin a Potency of Carotene when Fed in Margarine

Cited by 13 publications

References 20 publications

A RE‐EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL POTENCY OF BETA CAROTENEa

A RE‐EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL POTENCY OF BETA CAROTENEa

Supplementary Vitamin A and Choline in the Diet of the Growing Chick

TOXICOLOGICAL DETERMINATION OF SUITABILITY OF FOOD ADDITIVESa

Contact Info

Product

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A RE‐EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL POTENCY OF BETA CAROTENE^a

A RE‐EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL POTENCY OF BETA CAROTENE^a

TOXICOLOGICAL DETERMINATION OF SUITABILITY OF FOOD ADDITIVES^a