“…Recent studies provide evidence of direct interactions between birds and plants, showing that some birds can use herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) to identify herbivore-infested trees by olfaction (Amo, Jansen, Dam, Dicke, & Visser, 2013;Mäntylä et al, 2008;Mäntylä, Kleier, Kipper, & Hilker, 2017). HIPVs are known to induce chemical responses in undamaged plants (Baldwin, Halitschke, Paschold, Dahl, & Preston, 2006;Karban, Yang, & Edwards, 2014;Kessler & Baldwin, 2001), repel herbivores (Ninkovic, Ahmed, Glinwood, & Pettersson, 2003), and attract predatory arthropods (Dicke, Poecke, & Boer, 2003;James, 2005).…”