The Attitude of the Holy See Toward Sport During the Interwar Period (1919–39)

Vanysacker, Dries

doi:10.1353/cat.2015.0205

Cited by 2 publications

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“…In the case of the Croatian Orao, the approach to gender appears to have been more complex, and the participation of women in gymnastics was decidedly more problematic. Referring to the European bishops' stance against the indiscriminate presence of women in gymnastic performances, especially in Germany, Italy, and Czechoslovakia (Vanysacker 2015(Vanysacker , 2022, leaders of the Croatian Orao insisted on a number of things: the health, hygienic, and nationalist imperatives of Orao were never to undermine the belief in gender difference or Catholic sexual morality. This meant, first and foremost, that all illicit contact between boys and girls was prohibited.…”

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Making Gymnastics Catholic: The Life, Death, and Resurrection of the Croatian Orao in Interwar Yugoslavia

Giomi

2023

East Cent. Eur.

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This article focuses on the Croatian Orao, a gymnastic organization that became hegemonic among the Croatian Catholic population of interwar Yugoslavia. The first section examines the genesis of the Croatian Orao within the changing Catholic landscape of Croatia, Yugoslavia, and Europe more broadly, with particular emphasis on Orao’s relationships with Orel – a gymnastic movement very similar to Orao that was popular among Slovenes – and the Holy See, as well as Orao’s role in conflicts in the Croatian Catholic sphere. Part 2 will situate the Croatian Orao in the complex ecosystem of youth and gymnastic organizations present in the first Yugoslav state, especially with respect to the different Sokol organizations. Focusing on the actual sport activities practiced in Orao, the aim is to tackle the specific place of gymnastics in the associational culture of the Croatian Orao. The third and final part will explore the dismantling of Orao’s associational network by the state in 1929, and the association’s reorganization in other, more radical guises in 1930.

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confidence: 99%

Making Gymnastics Catholic: The Life, Death, and Resurrection of the Croatian Orao in Interwar Yugoslavia

Giomi

2023

East Cent. Eur.

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The Triangle of Empire:Sport, Religion, and Imperialism in Puerto Rico's YMCA, 1898–1926

Sotomayor¹

2017

The Americas

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In 1891, Luther H. Gulik, a prominent member of the international leadership of the YMCA of the United States, established the triangle as the YMCA symbol. He saw the triangle as a symbol imbued with Christian beliefs that would become the spearhead of a worldwide missionary movement. About the Triangle, Gulik wrote:The triangle stands . . . for the symmetrical man, each part developed with reference to the whole, and not merely with reference to itself. . . . What authority have we for believing that this triangle idea is correct? It is scriptural. . . . Such statements as, “Thou shalt love the Lord Thy God with all they heart and soul and mind and strength,” indicate . . . the scriptural view . . . that the service of the Lord includes the whole man. The words, which in the Hebrew and Greek are translated “strength,” refer in both cases entirely to physical strength.As the YMCA International Committee's first secretary for athletic work (1889–1902), Gulik had strong reason to create a symbol that could be recognized anywhere in the world. He was a firm believer in the expanding Muscular Christianity movement, which glorified patriotic duty and manliness expressed through athletics, and a strong believer in the civilizing agency of missionary Protestantism as it sought to establish a United States Christian righteous empire.

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The Attitude of the Holy See Toward Sport During the Interwar Period (1919–39)

Cited by 2 publications

References 6 publications

Making Gymnastics Catholic: The Life, Death, and Resurrection of the Croatian Orao in Interwar Yugoslavia

Making Gymnastics Catholic: The Life, Death, and Resurrection of the Croatian Orao in Interwar Yugoslavia

The Triangle of Empire:Sport, Religion, and Imperialism in Puerto Rico's YMCA, 1898–1926

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