The attenuating effects of 1,2,3,4,6 penta-O-galloyl-β- d -glucose on inflammatory cytokines release from activated BV-2 microglial cells

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of neurodegeneration and dementia in the elderly. Dysregulated, chronic activation of microglia, the brain’s resident macrophages, induces the release of excessive amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines which has been implicated in the early stages of AD pathology. Therefore, suppressing the expression of these inflammatory mediators may decrease or delay the progression of AD. Many natural compounds derived from plants have shown anti-inflammatory activity. The naturally occurring 1,2,3,4,6 Penta-O-Galloyl-β-D-Glucose (PGG), is a polyphenolic compound highly enriched in Rhus chinensis Millplant. It is a potent anti-inflammatory agent that act through the inhibition of many cytokines in different experimental models. In the present study, we investigated the role of PGG as an anti-inflammatory agent in LPS/IFNγ activated BV-2 microglia cells. Mouse cytokine antibody arrays were used to assess the effect of PGG on the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and ELISA experiments were performed to validate the results from the arrays. The results obtained from the cytokine arrays, and ELISA assays showed that PGG decreased the expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-5 (MCP-5) 8-fold, and pro-matrix metalloproteinase 9 (Pro MMP-9) 10-fold. Both of these cytokines are upregulated during the inflammatory process and have been shown to be involved in brain injury, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. Therefore, these findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory effect of PGG on activated microglia involving the attenuation of MCP-5 and ProMMP-9 cytokines.

GPETAFLR, an octapeptide isolated from Lupinus angustifolius L. protein hydrolysate, promotes the skewing to the M2 phenotype in human primary monocytes

“…One of them is 1,2,3,4,6 penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound present in some medicinal herbs as Rhuschinensis Mill. 23 Fagopyrum tataricum, commonly known as buckwheat, is another example of a bioactive plant. Researchers found that buckwheat extracts may inhibit adipogenesis and inflammatory response during adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells.…”

Pentagalloyl Glucose and Its Functional Role in Vascular Health: Biomechanics and Drug-Delivery Characteristics

“…In addition, PGG efficiently inhibited superoxide radical producer (XOD) compared to gallic acid. 2 PGG’s ability to lower the cellular oxidation further inhibits inflammatory pathways by reducing the expressions of cytokines such as TNF- α , 50,121 TGF- β 1, 186 IL-6, 50,186 IL-8, 121 MCP-1, 186 MCP-5, 107 pro MMP-9; 107 and prevents mast cell infiltration. 35,78,108 …”

“…PGG exhibits higher affinity for proteins rich in proline (e.g., collagens) compared to BSA 29,30,41,64 and hence, it could be beneficial for treating degenerated ECM via crosslinking in the diseased human abdominal aorta. This crucial trait of PGG translates into providing resistance to collagenase (or MMPs), 62,91,107,119,120,124,156 which would assist in the suppression of MMP activity in human AAA to prevent both aneurysm expansion and rupture.…”

The sp 2 -iminosugar glycolipid 1-dodecylsulfonyl-5 N ,6 O -oxomethylidenenojirimycin (DSO 2 -ONJ) as selective anti-inflammatory agent by modulation of hemeoxygenase-1 in Bv.2 microglial cells and retinal explants

“…The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 80% of the world inhabitants utilized traditional medicine for their primary health care needs and the majority of this therapy requires the use of herbal extracts and their active components. Various medicinal plant bioactive extracts and their identified/isolated active constituents have shown a variety of medicinal pharmacological properties against chronic diseases with an inflammatory component such as T2DM [23,24]. Iminosugar glycosyl hydrolase inhibitors such as 1-deoxynojimycin [25,26] and castanospermine, bear strong potential in therapies such as cancer, viral infections [27,28], tuberculosis [29], diabetes and glycosphingolipid storage disorders [30,31] with tap water and allowed to dry, and 1% SDS was added to solubilize them.…”