The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Heisler, Jillian M.; González, Juan Antonio Morales; Donegan, Jennifer J.; Jett, Julianne D.; Redus, Laney; O’Connor, Jason C.

doi:10.3791/51944-v

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…In the extradimensional shift stage, the exemplars are changed again, but now the relevant dimension is incongruent with the prior stages: stimuli in a previously irrelevant dimension predict reward for the first time. This series of discriminations -which is almost always conducted in a single session on 1 day -ends with a final reversal (REV3) [49,50].…”

Section: Attentional Set Shifting Test/taskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impaired Cognitive Flexibility and Working Memory Precedes Depression: A Rat Model to Study Depression

2020

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Introduction: Depressive disorders are the 4th leading cause of health problems and the 2nd leading cause of burden among all diseases. Almost all depressive disorder patients have cognitive impairments to a certain extend. Studies about cognitive impairments in depression had been conducted, but whether cognitive dysfunctions are the cause or the effect is still not clear. Objectives: To analyze the process of working memory and cognitive flexibility impairments in a rat model of depression. Methods: In this experimental study, chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) was used as a model of depression in 30 rats (Rattus novergicus). Cognitive function was assessed with the Morris water maze and attentional set shifting test. Results: This study found a significant difference on day 21 in working memory (p = 0.002) and cognitive flexibility (p = 0.036), which continued to day 41 in working memory (p = 0.001) and cognitive flexibility (p = 0.020). In the CUMS model of depression, parameters peak on day 41 and reveal parameter changes in weight gain (p = 0.018), food intake (p < 0.001), changes in food intake (p = 0.001), and the sucrose preference (p = 0.005), elevated plus maze (p = 0.001), and light dark box tests (p = 0.020). Conclusion: In a rat model of depression, cognitive impairment preceded depression, but it might be caused by anxiety-like behavior that occurred in early stimulation of chronic unpredictable mild stress.

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Section: Attentional Set Shifting Test/taskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impaired Cognitive Flexibility and Working Memory Precedes Depression: A Rat Model to Study Depression

2020

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“…We also tested mice for high-order cognitive processing of focused attention and flexibility using a classic vmPFC test, the IntraDimensional/ExtraDimensional (ID/ED) set shifting task ( 36 ). Briefly, mice were trained to dig into ramekins for a buried pellet of food.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light affects the prefrontal cortex via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

Lazzerini Ospri,

Zhan,

Thomsen

et al. 2024

Sci. Adv.

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The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is a part of the limbic system engaged in the regulation of social, emotional, and cognitive states, which are characteristically impaired in disorders of the brain such as schizophrenia and depression. Here, we show that intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) modulate, through light, the integrity, activity, and function of the vmPFC. This regulatory role, which is independent of circadian and mood alterations, is mediated by an ipRGC-thalamic-corticolimbic pathway. Lack of ipRGC signaling in mice causes dendritic degeneration, dysregulation of genes involved in synaptic plasticity, and depressed neuronal activity in the vmPFC. These alterations primarily undermine the ability of the vmPFC to regulate emotions. Our discovery provides a potential light-dependent mechanism for certain PFC-centric disorders in humans.

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“…The experiment was divided into five steps: handling, food restriction, acclimation, training, and testing as explained in Heisler et al (2015). First, mice were single-housed and habituated to a reverse light/dark cycle for at least one week.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

p75NTR upregulation following perinatal hypoxia leads to deficits in parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic cell maturation, cortical activity and cognitive abilities in adult mice

Chattopadhyaya,

Lee,

Carreño-Muñoz

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Children who experienced moderate perinatal hypoxia are at risk of developing long lasting subtle cognitive and behavioral deficits, including learning disabilities and emotional problems. Understanding the underlying mechanisms is an essential step for designing targeted therapy. Fast-spiking, parvalbumin-positive (PV) GABAergic interneurons modulate the generation of gamma oscillations, which in turn regulate many cognitive functions including goal-directed attentional processing and cognitive flexibility. Due to their fast firing rate, PV cell function requires high levels of energy, which may render them highly vulnerable to conditions of metabolic and oxidative stress caused by perinatal hypoxia. Here, we show that adult mice that experienced moderate perinatal hypoxia (MPH) have decreased cortical PV expression levels in addition to specific impairments in the social, recognition memory and cognitive flexibility domain. We further found that the expression level of the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR, which limits PV cell maturation during the first postnatal weeks, is increased in MPH mice. Genetic deletion of p75NTR in GABAergic neurons expressing the transcription factor Nkx2.1, which include PV cells, protects mice from PV expression loss and the long-term cognitive effects of MPH. Finally, one week treatment with a p75NTR inhibitor starting after MPH completely rescues the cognitive and cortical activity deficits in adult mice. All together this data reveals a potential molecular target for the treatment of the cognitive alterations caused by MPH.

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The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Impaired Cognitive Flexibility and Working Memory Precedes Depression: A Rat Model to Study Depression

Impaired Cognitive Flexibility and Working Memory Precedes Depression: A Rat Model to Study Depression

Light affects the prefrontal cortex via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

p75NTR upregulation following perinatal hypoxia leads to deficits in parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic cell maturation, cortical activity and cognitive abilities in adult mice

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