The Atrioventricular Valve in the Animal Kingdom

Jensen, Bjarke

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67947-7_6

Cited by 3 publications

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References 66 publications

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“…Because not much is known of their cardiac anatomy (Rowlatt, 1990; Vornanen, 1989), it is not clear whether typical traits of mammal hearts scale to such miniscule sizes. Valves and chamber wall thicknesses would be predicted to scale linearly to cavity size according to the law of Laplace (Jensen, 2021; Seymour & Blaylock, 2000) and typical proportions of valves, walls, and cavities might well scale to shrews. In contrast, resistance to blood flow is inversely related to vessel diameter raised to the power of four according to the Hagen‐Poiseuille equation and very small arteries and veins in the shrew may impose high resistance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomy of the heart with the highest heart rate

2022

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Shrews are eutherian insectivore mammals that can be tiny. Adult Eurasian least shrew (Sorex minutissimus) and Eurasian pygmy shrews (Sorex minutus), which we study in this report, only weigh a few grams.They occupy therefore the lower extreme of the seven orders of magnitude that mammals range in size. Because not much is known of their cardiac anatomy (Rowlatt, 1990;Vornanen, 1989), it is not clear whether typical traits of mammal hearts scale to such miniscule sizes. Valves and chamber wall thicknesses would be predicted to scale linearly to cavity size according to the law of Laplace (Jensen, 2021;Seymour & Blaylock, 2000) and typical proportions of valves, walls, and cavities might well scale to shrews. In contrast, resistance to blood flow is inversely related to vessel diameter raised to the power of four according to the Hagen-Poiseuille equation and very small arteries and veins in the shrew may impose high resistance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomy of the heart with the highest heart rate

2022

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Evolutionary Aspects of Chamber Formation and Septation

Jensen,

Moorman

2024

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

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Anatomy of the Heart with the Highest Heart Rate

Chang

Sheftel

Jensen

2021

Preprint

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Shrews occupy the lower extreme of the seven orders of magnitude mammals range in size. Their hearts are large relative to body weight and heart rate can exceed a thousand beats a minute. To investigate whether cardiac traits that are typical mammalian scale to these extremes, we assessed the heart of three species of shrew (genus Sorex) following the sequential segmental analysis developed for human hearts. Using micro-computed tomography we describe the overall structure and find, in agreement with previous studies, a large and elongate ventricle. The atrial and ventricular septums and the atrioventricular and arterial valves are typically mammalian. The ventricular walls comprise mostly compact myocardium and especially the right ventricle has few trabeculations on the luminal side. A developmental process of compaction is thought to reduce trabeculations in mammals, but in embryonic shrews the volume of trabeculations increase for every gestational stage, only slower than the compact volume. By expression of Hcn4, we identify a sinus node and an atrioventricular conduction axis which is continuous with the ventricular septal crest. Outstanding traits include pulmonary venous sleeve myocardium that reaches farther into the lungs than in any other mammals. Typical proportions of coronary arteries-to-aorta do not scale and the shrew coronary arteries are proportionally enormous, presumably to avoid the high resistance to blood flow of narrow vessels. In conclusion, most cardiac traits do scale to the miniscule shrews. The shrew heart, nevertheless, stands out by its relative size, elongation, proportionally large coronary vessels, and extent of pulmonary venous myocardium.

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The Atrioventricular Valve in the Animal Kingdom

Cited by 3 publications

References 66 publications

Anatomy of the heart with the highest heart rate

Anatomy of the heart with the highest heart rate

Evolutionary Aspects of Chamber Formation and Septation

Anatomy of the Heart with the Highest Heart Rate

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