The Atmospheric General Circulation and Its Variability

Hartmann, Dennis L.

doi:10.2151/jmsj.85b.123

Cited by 66 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 153 publications

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“…The eddy heat flux convergence at the poleward edge requires rising motion and adiabatic cooling there to maintain hydrostatic equilibrium, while the eddy momentum flux convergence aloft requires the meridional flow described above to remain geostrophically balanced. This is similar to the processes responsible for the midlatitude Ferrel cell on Earth (Hartmann 2007). The deep-seated meridional temperature gradient that drives the baroclinic instability in this picture comes from the moist convection itself (Lian and Showman 2009).…”

Section: Convective Clouds and Lightningsupporting

confidence: 53%

Saturn Atmospheric Structure and Dynamics

Genio

Achterberg

Baines

et al. 2009

Saturn From Cassini-Huygens

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Section: Convective Clouds and Lightningsupporting

confidence: 53%

Saturn Atmospheric Structure and Dynamics

Genio

Achterberg

Baines

et al. 2009

Saturn From Cassini-Huygens

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“…9a and d resemble the known properties of the zonally averaged zonal wind from earlier reanalyses and global climate models (GCMs) (e.g. Hartman, 2007), the splitting of cir- culation into the balanced and IG components has not been presented earlier. Figure 9 shows that the IG component is non-zero in the polar regions of the Southern Hemisphere in both seasons and in the winter stratosphere.…”

Section: Scale-dependent Energy Distributionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Normal-mode function representation of global 3-D data sets: open-access software for the atmospheric research community

Žagar

Kasahara²,

Terasaki³

et al. 2015

Geosci. Model Dev.

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Abstract. This article presents new software for the analysis of global dynamical fields in (re)analyses, weather forecasts and climate models. A new diagnostic tool, developed within the MODES project, allows one to diagnose properties of balanced and inertio-gravity (IG) circulations across many scales. In particular, the IG spectrum, which has only recently become observable, can be studied simultaneously in the mass and wind fields while considering the whole model depth in contrast to the majority of studies.The paper includes the theory of normal-mode function (NMF) expansion, technical details of the Fortran 90 code, examples of namelists which control the software execution and outputs of the software application on the ERA Interim reanalysis data set. The applied libraries and default compiler are from the open-source domain. A limited understanding of Fortran suffices for the successful implementation of the software.The presented application of the software to the ERA Interim data set reveals several aspects of the large-scale circulation after it has been partitioned into the linearly balanced and IG components. The global energy distribution is dominated by the balanced energy while the IG modes contribute around 10 % of the total wave energy. However, on sub-synoptic scales, IG energy dominates and it is associated with the main features of tropical variability on all scales. The presented energy distribution and features of the zonally averaged and equatorial circulation provide a reference for the validation of climate models.

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“…20 This balance is well known in the extratropical Earth regime(see, e.g., Holton 2004, p. 319;Hartmann 2007;Karoly et al 1998, pp. 47-85).…”

Section: (Red)mentioning

confidence: 91%

Three-Dimensional Atmospheric Circulation of Warm and Hot Jupiters: Effects of Orbital Distance, Rotation Period, and Nonsynchronous Rotation

Showman

Lewis

Fortney

2015

ApJ

139

145

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Efforts to characterize extrasolar giant planet (EGP) atmospheres have so far emphasized planets within 0.05 AU of their stars. Despite this focus, known EGPs populate a continuum of orbital separations from canonical hot Jupiter values (0.03-0.05 AU) out to 1 AU and beyond. Unlike typical hot Jupiters, these more distant EGPs will not generally be synchronously rotating. In anticipation of observations of this population, we here present threedimensional atmospheric circulation models exploring the dynamics that emerge over a broad range of rotation rates and incident stellar fluxes appropriate for warm and hot Jupiters. We find that the circulation resides in one of two basic regimes. On typical hot Jupiters, the strong day-night heating contrast leads to a broad, fast superrotating (eastward) equatorial jet and large day-night temperature differences. At faster rotation rates and lower incident fluxes, however, the day-night heating gradient becomes less important, and baroclinic instabilities emerge as a dominant player, leading to eastward jets in the midlatitudes, minimal temperature variations in longitude, and, often, weak winds at the equator. Our most rapidly rotating and least irradiated models exhibit similarities to Jupiter and Saturn, illuminating the dynamical continuum between hot Jupiters and the weakly irradiated giant planets of our own solar system. We present infrared (IR) light curves and spectra of these models, which depend significantly on incident flux and rotation rate. This provides a way to identify the regime transition in future observations. In some cases, IR light curves can provide constraints on the rotation rate of nonsynchronously rotating planets.

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The Atmospheric General Circulation and Its Variability

Cited by 66 publications

References 153 publications

Saturn Atmospheric Structure and Dynamics

Saturn Atmospheric Structure and Dynamics

Normal-mode function representation of global 3-D data sets: open-access software for the atmospheric research community

Three-Dimensional Atmospheric Circulation of Warm and Hot Jupiters: Effects of Orbital Distance, Rotation Period, and Nonsynchronous Rotation

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