“…Recently, studies have focused on the relationship between the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean (Alvarado Bremer et al, 2005;Bargelloni et al, 2003Bargelloni et al, , 2005Costagliola et al, 2004;Domingues et al, 2005;Lemaire et al, 2005;Naciri et al, 1999;Stamatis et al, 2004;Zardoya et al, 2004). In contrast, little is known about genetic relationships between populations of the Macaronesian islands (Azores, Madeira, Canaries, and Cape Verde; Almada et al, 2005;Guillemaud et al, 2000).…”