The Athena X-ray Integral Field Unit: a consolidated design for the system requirement review of the preliminary definition phase

Barret, D.; Albouys, Vincent; Herder, Jan-Willem den; Piro, L.; Cappi, M.; Huovelin, J.; Kelley, R. L.; Más‐Hesse, J. M.; Paltani, S.; Rauw, Grégor; Różáńska, A.; Svoboda, Jiří; Wilms, J.; Yamasaki, Noriko Y.; Audard, M.; Bandler, S. R.; Barbera, Marco; Barcons, X.; Bozzo, E.; Ceballos, María Teresa; Charles, I.; Costantini, E.; Dauser, Thomas; Decourchelle, A.; Duband, L.; Duval, Jean-Marc; Fiore, F.; Gatti, F.; Goldwurm, A.; Hartog, R. den; Jackson, B. D.; Jonker, P. G.; Kilbourne, C. A.; Korpela, Seppo A.; Macculi, C.; Méndez, Mariano; Mitsuda, Kazuhisa; Molendi, S.; Pajot, F.; Pointecouteau, É.; Porter, F. S.; Pratt, G. W.; Prêle, D.; Ravera, Laurent; Sato, Kosuke; Schaye, Joop; Shinozaki, Kazuo; Skup, Konrad; Souček, J.; Thibert, Tanguy; Capitanio, Fiamma; Webb, N.; Chaoul, L.; Raulin, Desi; Simionescu, A.; Torrejón, José M.; Acero, Fabio; Branduardi‐Raymont, G.; Ettori, S.; Finoguenov, A.; Grosso, N.; Kaastra, J. S.; Mazzotta, P.; Miller, J. M.; Miniutti, G.; Nicastro, F.; Sciortino, S.; Yamaguchi, Hiroya; Beaumont, S.; Cucchetti, Edoardo; D'Andrea, Matteo; Eckart, Megan E.; Ferrando, P.; Kammoun, E. S.; Lotti, Simone; Mesnager, Jean-Michel; Natalucci, L.; Peille, Philippe; Plaa, J. de; Ardellier, Florence; Argan, A.; Bellouard, E.; Carron, Jérôme; Cavazzuti, E.; Fiorini, M.; Khosropanah, P.; Martin, Sylvain; Perry, James; Pinsard, F.; Pradines, Alice; Rigano, M.; Roelfsema, Peter; Schwander, Denis; Torrioli, G.; Ullom, Joel N.; Vera, I.; Villegas, Eduardo Medinaceli; Zuchniak, Monika; Brachet, Frank; Cicero, Ugo Lo; Doriese, W. B.; Durkin, M. S.; Fioretti, V.; Geoffray, Hervé; Jacques, Lionel; Kirsch, Christian; Smith, S. J.; Adams, J. S.; Gloaguen, Emilie; Hoogeveen, Ruud W. M.; Hulst, P. van der; Kiviranta, Mikko; Kuur, J. van der; Ledot, Aurélien; Leeuwen, Bert-Joost van; Loon, Dennis van; Lyautey, Bertrand; Parot, Yann; Sakai, Kazuhiro; Weers, H. van; Abdoelkariem, Shariefa; Adam, Thomas; Adami, C.; Aicardi, Corinne; Akamatsu, Hiroki; Alonso, Pablo Eleazar Merino; Amato, Roberta; André, Jérôme; Angelinelli, M.; Añón-Cancela, Manuel; Anvar, S.; Atienza, Ricardo; Attard, A.; Auricchio, N.; Balado, Ana; Bancel, Florian; Barusso, L. Ferrari; Bascuñan, Arturo; Bernard, Vivian; Berrocal, A.; Blin, Sylvie; Bonino, Donata; Bonnet, F.; Bonny, Patrick; Boorman, Peter; Boreux, Charles; Bounab, Ayoub; Boutelier, Martin; Boyce, K. R.; Brienza, Daniele; Bruijn, M. P.; Bulgarelli, A.; Calarco, Simona; Callanan, P. J.; Campello, Alberto Prada; Camus, Thierry; Florent, Canourgues,; Capobianco, V.; Cardiel, N.; Castellani, Florent; Cheatom, Oscar; Chervenak, James A.; Chiarello, F.; Clerc, Laurent; Clerc, N.; Cobo, Beatriz; Cœur-Joly, O.; Coleiro, A.; Colonges, S.; Corcione, L.; Coriat, M.; Coynel, A.; Cuttaia, F.; D’Aí, A.; D'Anca, Fabio; Dadina, M.; Daniel, Christophe; Dauner, Lea; DeNigris, Natalie; Dercksen, Johannes; DiPirro, Michael; Doumayrou, E.; Dubbeldam, L.; Dupieux, M.; Dupourqué, Simon; Durand, Jean Louis; Eckert, D.; Eiriz, Valvanera; Ercolani, E.; Etcheverry, Christophe; Finkbeiner, F. M.; Fiocchi, M.; Fossecave, Hervé; Philippe, Franssen,; Frericks, M.; Gabici, S.; Gant, Florent; Gao, Jianrong; Gastaldello, F.; Genolet, L.; Ghizzardi, S.; Gil, Ma Angeles Alcacera; Giovannini, Elisa; Godet, O.; Gómez‐Elvira, Javier; Gonzalez, Raoul; González, M.; Gottardi, L.; Granat, Dolorès; Gros, M.; Guignard, Nicolas; Hieltjes, Paul; Hurtado, Adolfo Jesús; Irwin, K. D.; Jacquey, C.; Janiuk, Agnieszka; Jaubert, Jean; Jiménez, María Soledad; Jolly, A.; Jourdan, Thierry; Julien, Sabine; Kędziora, B.; Andrew, Korb,; Kreykenbohm, I.; König, Ole; Langer, M.; Laudet, P.; Laurent, Philippe; Laurenza, M.; Lesrel, J.; Ligori, S.; Lorenz, M.; Luminari, A.; Maffei, B.; Maisonnave, Océane; Marelli, Lorenzo; Massonet, Didier; Maussang, Irwin; Melchor, Alejandro Gonzalo; Mer, I. Le; Millan, Francisco Javier San; Millerioux, Jean-Pierre; Mineo, T.; Minervini, G.; Molin, Alexeï; Monestes, David; Montinaro, Nicola; Mot, B.; Murat, David; Nagayoshi, K.; Nazé, Yaël; Noguès, Loïc; Pailot, Damien; Panessa, F.; Parodi, L.; Petit, P.; Piconcelli, E.; Pinto, C.; Plaza, Jose Miguel Encinas; Plaza, Borja; Poyatos, D.; Prouvé, T.; Ptak, A.; Puccetti, S.; Puccio, Elena; Рамон, П.; Reina, M.; Rioland, Guillaume; Rodriguez, L.; Roig, Anton; Rollet, Bertrand; Roncarelli, M.; Roudil, G.; Rudnicki, T.; Sanisidro, Julien; Sciortino, Luisa; Silva, Vítor; Sordet, M.; Soto-Aguilar, Javier; Spizzi, Pierre; Surace, C.; Sánchez, Miguel Fernández; Taralli, E.; Terrasa, Guilhem; Terrier, R.; Todaro, Michela; Ubertini, P.; Uslenghi, M.; Vaate, Jan Geralt bij de; Vaccaro, D.; Varisco, Salvatore; Varnière, P.; Vibert, L.; Vidriales, María‐Belén; Villa, F.; Martin, Vodopivec, Boris; Volpe, A.; Vries, C. de; Wakeham, N.; Walmsley, G.; Wise, Michael; Wit, M. de; Woźniak, Grzegorz

doi:10.1007/s10686-022-09880-7

Cited by 42 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Given that long observations are needed to perform detailed spectroscopic and variability studies in bright TDEs and Seyferts using Chandra, XMM-Newton, and NuSTAR, it is clear that additional progress will require more sensitive instruments. The Athena/X-IFU will provide a resolution of 2 eV across the 0.3-10.0 keV passband, and an effective area nearly 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of the RGS in the 0.3-0.5 keV band where the crucial N and C lines are found (Barret et al 2023). The proposed Arcus Probe mission will deliver even higher resolution at long wavelengths, and simultaneous UV coverage (Smith et al 2022).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of a Massive Stellar Disruption in the X-Ray Spectrum of ASASSN-14li

Miller,

Mockler,

Ramirez-Ruiz

et al. 2023

ApJL

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The proximity and duration of the tidal disruption event ASASSN-14li led to the discovery of narrow, blueshifted absorption lines in X-rays and UV. The gas seen in X-ray absorption is consistent with bound material close to the apocenter of elliptical orbital paths, or with a disk wind similar to those seen in Seyfert-1 active galactic nuclei. We present a new analysis of the deepest high-resolution XMM-Newton and Chandra spectra of ASASSN-14li. Driven by the relative strengths of He-like and H-like charge states, the data require [N/C] ≥ 2.4, in qualitative agreement with UV spectral results. Flows of the kind seen in the X-ray spectrum of ASASSN-14li were not clearly predicted in simulations of TDEs; this left open the possibility that the observed absorption might be tied to gas released in prior active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity. However, the abundance pattern revealed in this analysis points to a single star rather than a standard AGN accretion flow comprised of myriad gas contributions. The simplest explanation of the data is likely that a moderately massive star (M ≳ 3 M ⊙) with significant CNO processing was disrupted. An alternative explanation is that a lower mass star was disrupted that had previously been stripped of its envelope. We discuss the strengths and limitations of our analysis and these interpretations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of a Massive Stellar Disruption in the X-Ray Spectrum of ASASSN-14li

Miller,

Mockler,

Ramirez-Ruiz

et al. 2023

ApJL

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“…The design of LMS instrument takes advantage of decades of development of microcalorimeter detector systems for spaceflight and relies heavily on heritage from the microcalorimeter instrument on Hitomi's soft x-ray spectrometer (SXS), 8 and from the twice flown microcalorimeter sounding rocket experiment, Micro-X, 9 which was the first instance of TES detectors being flown in space. TES microcalorimeters and TDM SQUID readouts are baselined for the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) on the Athena x-ray observatory, 10 and TES microcalorimeters are also baselined for the Lynx x-ray microcalorimeter instrument on the Lynx observatory. 11,12 Details of the full LMS architecture, including the cooling system, focal plane assembly, and detector chain architecture, can be found in Ref.…”

Section: Heritage and Current Technology Readiness Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the microcalorimeter and anticoincidence detector for the Line Emission Mapper x-ray probe

Smith,

Adams,

Bandler

et al. 2023

J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst.

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.The Line Emission Mapper (LEM) is an x-ray probe mission concept that is designed to provide unprecedented insight into the physics of galaxy formation, including stellar and black-hole feedback and flows of baryonic matter into and out of galaxies. LEM incorporates a light-weight x-ray optic with a large-format microcalorimeter array. The LEM detector utilizes a 14k pixel array of transition-edge sensors (TESs) that will provide <2.5 eV spectral resolution over the energy range 0.2 to 2 keV, along with a field-of-view of 30 arcmin. The microcalorimeter array and readout builds upon the technology developed for the European Space Agency’s (ESA’s) Athena/x-ray Integral Field Unit. Here, we present a detailed overview of the baseline microcalorimeter design, its performance characteristics, including a detailed energy resolution budget and the expected count-rate capability. In addition, we outline the current status and plan for continued technology maturation. Behind the LEM array sits a high-efficiency TES-based anticoincidence (antico) detector that will reject cosmic-ray background events. We will briefly describe the design of the antico and plan for continued development.

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“…[11][12][13] The AwaXe ASIC is currently under development at the Astroparticle and Cosmology Laboratory in Paris and was initially designed for the European Space Agency's Athena X-IFU. 14 Within the ASIC is an LNA to amplify the output signal coming from the SSA. The amplified error signal is interfaced to the column PCB of the DEEP, digitized using a high-speed digitizer ADC, and then processed in an FPGA to generate feedback signals for the SQ1 mux and the SSA at two high-speed DACs.…”

Section: Time-division Multiplexed Readout System Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of space-flight room-temperature electronics for the Line Emission Mapper Microcalorimeter Spectrometer

Sakai,

Adams,

Bandler

et al. 2023

J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst.

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.We are developing space-flight room-temperature readout electronics for the Line Emission Mapper (LEM) Microcalorimeter Spectrometer (LMS) of the LEM mission. The LEM mission is an x-ray probe mission designed to study the physics of galaxy formation. The LMS is optimized for low-energy (0.2 to 2 keV) x-ray emission from extremely diffuse gas. The detector is a hybrid transition-edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter array with a 33′ outer array and a 7 ′ × 7 ′ inner subarray. The outer array consists of 12,736 square pixels on a square grid with a 290 μm pitch but in a close-packed hexagonal shape. The inner subarray consists of 784 TES sensors arranged in a square area in the center of the outer array with the same pixel pitch. The outer array uses a sensor with 2 × 2 thermal multiplexing known as “Hydra,” and the inner array consists of a single absorber per TES. The baselined readout technology for the 3968 TES sensors is time-division multiplexing (TDM), which divides the sensors into 69 columns × 60 rows. The components of the room temperature readout electronics are the three boxes of the warm front-end electronics (WFEE) and the six boxes of the digital electronics and event processor (DEEP). The WFEE is an interface between the cold electronics and the DEEP, and the DEEP generates signals for the TDM and processes x-ray events. We present the detailed designs of the WFEE and DEEP. We also show the estimated power, mass, and size of the WFEE and DEEP flight electronics. Finally, we describe the performance of the TRL-6 prototypes for the WFEE and DEEP electronics.

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The Athena X-ray Integral Field Unit: a consolidated design for the system requirement review of the preliminary definition phase

Cited by 42 publications

References 66 publications

Evidence of a Massive Stellar Disruption in the X-Ray Spectrum of ASASSN-14li

Evidence of a Massive Stellar Disruption in the X-Ray Spectrum of ASASSN-14li

Development of the microcalorimeter and anticoincidence detector for the Line Emission Mapper x-ray probe

Development of space-flight room-temperature electronics for the Line Emission Mapper Microcalorimeter Spectrometer

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