The ATEX Directives: Explosion Safety and Regulation, the European Approach

Versloot, N.H.A.; Klein, Asne; Maaijer, M. de

doi:10.1002/9780470924839.ch33

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The constant pulse-height evaluation voltage window is then seamlessly shifted over Unfortunately, the use of combustible hydrocarbons, i.e., iso-hexane, leads to experimental safety issues as they can form an explosive atmosphere when mixed with oxygen. The requirement for ATEX-certified [40,41] electrical components poses a problem for custom-built non-standard instrumentation, such as the MPB-CT scanner. Moreover, none of the required components, e.g., electrical motors, observation cameras, etc., are available with required certificates.…”

Section: Detector Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modular and Cost-Effective Computed Tomography Design

Bieberle,

Hoffmann,

Döß

et al. 2024

Sensors

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We present a modular and cost-effective gamma ray computed tomography system for multiphase flow investigations in industrial apparatuses. It mainly comprises a 137Cs isotopic source and an in-house-assembled detector arc, with a total of 16 scintillation detectors, offering a quantum efficiency of approximately 75% and an active area of 10 × 10 mm2 each. The detectors are operated in pulse mode to exclude scattered gamma photons from counting by using a dual-energy discrimination stage. Flexible application of the computed tomography system, i.e., for various object sizes and densities, is provided by an elaborated detector arc design, in combination with a scanning procedure that allows for simultaneous parallel beam projection acquisition. This allows the scan time to be scaled down with the number of individual detectors. Eventually, the developed scanner successfully upgrades the existing tomography setup in the industry. Here, single pencil beam gamma ray computed tomography is already used to study hydraulics in gas–liquid contactors, with inner diameters of up to 440 mm. We demonstrate the functionality of the new system for radiographic and computed tomographic scans of DN110 and DN440 columns that are operated at varying iso-hexane/nitrogen liquid–gas flow rates.

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Section: Detector Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modular and Cost-Effective Computed Tomography Design

Bieberle,

Hoffmann,

Döß

et al. 2024

Sensors

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“…This paper is a summary of the paper presented at the 20th Annual CCPS International Conference [9].…”

Section: Further Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Summary of European directives for explosion safety

Versloot

Klein

Maaijer

2007

Process Safety Progress

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a transitional period has ended and two European directives became fully active:• Directive 1999/92/EC • Directive 94/9/EC These directives have an impact on companies with an explosion hazard (gas, vapor, mist, or dust explosions) and on manufacturers of equipment intended to be used in explosive atmospheres. The directives were incorporated into the national law of each member state of the European Union. These regulations are examples of achieving a common European market. In this article, the background of the European Directives will be discussed and the impact on the users.

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An ATEX-proof gamma tomography setup for measuring liquid distribution in process equipment

Hoffmann

Kögl

2017

Flow Measurement and Instrumentation

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The ATEX Directives: Explosion Safety and Regulation, the European Approach

Cited by 4 publications

References 2 publications

Modular and Cost-Effective Computed Tomography Design

Modular and Cost-Effective Computed Tomography Design

Summary of European directives for explosion safety

An ATEX-proof gamma tomography setup for measuring liquid distribution in process equipment

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