The Asthma Epidemic

Eder, Waltraud; Ege, Markus; Mutius, Erika von

doi:10.1056/nejmra054308

Cited by 1,474 publications

(1,135 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…The extent to which immunomodulatory effects of mast cells might contribute to some of the host-environment interactions that are thought to influence the development of the immune system (such as proposed in the hygiene hypothesis (reviewed in Ref. 89 )) should also be explored.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomodulatory mast cells: negative, as well as positive, regulators of immunity

2008

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunomodulatory mast cells: negative, as well as positive, regulators of immunity

2008

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“…This AIDS model of asthma may hold clues for a better understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for the epidemic of asthma in children. 39 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased incidence of asthma in HIV-infected children treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy in the National Institutes of Health Women and Infants Transmission Study

Foster

McIntosh

Thompson

et al. 2008

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

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“…This raises the possibility that long-term PM exposures may lead to increased prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases. While this notion is compatible with the increased prevalence of asthma in polluted urban environments, this topic is still controversial because of the complicated pathogenesis of this disease, including in the existence of heterogeneous asthma phenotypes that may be differently affected by environmental stimuli [47].…”

Section: The Impact Of Particulate Pollutants On Asthmamentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of oxidative stress in ambient particulate matter-induced lung diseases and its implications in the toxicity of engineered nanoparticles

Xia

Nel

2008

Free Radical Biology and Medicine

810

529

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Ambient particulate matter (PM) is an environmental factor that has been associated with increased respiratory morbidity and mortality. The major effect of ambient PM on the pulmonary system is the exacerbation of inflammation, especially in susceptible people. One of the mechanisms by which ambient PM exerts its proinflammatory effects is the generation of oxidative stress by its chemical compounds and metals. Cellular responses to PM-induced oxidative stress include activation of antioxidant defense, inflammation, and toxicity. The pro-inflammatory effect of PM in the lung is characterized by increased cytokine/chemokine production and adhesion molecule expression. Moreover, there is evidence that ambient PM can act as an adjuvant for allergic sensitization, which raises the possibility that long-term PM exposure may lead to increased prevalence of asthma. In addition to ambient PM, rapid expansion of nanotechnology has introduced the potential that engineered NP may also become airborne and may contribute to pulmonary diseases by novel mechanisms that could include oxidant injury. Currently, little is known about the potential adverse health effect of these particles. In this communication, the mechanisms by which particulate pollutants, including ambient PM and engineered NP, exert their adverse effects through the generation of oxidative stress and the impacts of oxidant injury in the respiratory tract will be reviewed. The importance of cellular antioxidant and detoxification pathways in protecting against particle-induced lung damage will also be discussed.

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The Asthma Epidemic

Cited by 1,474 publications

References 95 publications

Immunomodulatory mast cells: negative, as well as positive, regulators of immunity

Immunomodulatory mast cells: negative, as well as positive, regulators of immunity

Increased incidence of asthma in HIV-infected children treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy in the National Institutes of Health Women and Infants Transmission Study

The role of oxidative stress in ambient particulate matter-induced lung diseases and its implications in the toxicity of engineered nanoparticles

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