“…Continuing in Figure 3, participant observation and passive observation were only used in four studies each; given this low frequency it is not possible to identify any patterns in terms of how they have been used. Finally, we found a small number of studies that used ethnography (Niemimaa, 2016; Niemimaa and Niemimaa, 2017), action research (Lopes and Oliveira, 2015b; Lopes and Oliveira, 2015c; Lopes and Oliveira, 2016), grounded theory (Knapp et al , 2009; Balozian and Leidner, 2016), experiment (SanNicolas-Rocca et al , 2014), simulation (Doherty and Fulford, 2006), consultancy (Talbot and Woodward, 2009) and design science (Kolkowska et al , 2017). For example, in the last study, design science was used to develop a method for analysing reasons behind employees’ compliance and non-compliance.…”