The associations of incarceration and depression with healthcare experiences and utilization among Black men who have sex with men in HPTN 061

Hoff, Lee Ann; Scheidell, Joy D.; Mazumdar, Medha; Feelemyer, Jonathan; Dyer, Typhanye V.; Turpin, Rodman; Cleland, Charles M.; Remch, Molly; Brewer, Russell; Hucks-Ortiz, Christopher; Irvine, Natalia M; Mayer, Kenneth H.; Khan, Maria R.

doi:10.1080/09540121.2021.1966695

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…These were obtained from analyses using the HPTN 061 cohort data and included risk ratios for several co-occuring unhealthy alcohol use, substance use, and mental disorders (CASM) including binge drinking (risk ratio [RR]: 1.14), stimulant use (RR: 1.53), tobacco use (RR: 1.77), depression (RR: 1.09) and anxiety (1.09). 10,35 These associations informed how simulated decarceration scenarios would reduce health risk and improve LE. We simulated how varying the rate of decarceration, from no decarceration to a scenario in which decarceration was 100%, influence LE.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Decarceration Plus Alcohol, Substance Use, and Mental Health Screening on Life Expectancies of Black Sexual Minority Men and Black Transgender Women Living With HIV in the United States: A Simulation Study Based on HPTN 061

Feelemyer,

Bershteyn,

Scheidell

et al. 2024

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

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Background Given the disproportionate rates of incarceration and lower life expectancy (LE) among Black sexual minority men (BSMM) and Black transgender women (BTW) with HIV, we modeled the impact of decarceration and screening for psychiatric conditions and substance use on LE of US BSMM/BTW with HIV. Methods We augmented a microsimulation model previously validated to predict LE and leading causes of death in the US with estimates from the HPTN 061 cohort and the Veteran’s Aging Cohort Studies. We estimated independent associations among psychiatric and substance use disorders, to simulate the influence of treatment of one condition on improvement on others. We used this augmented simulation to estimate LE for BSMM/BTW with HIV with a history of incarceration under alternative policies of decarceration (i.e., reducing the fraction exposed to incarceration), screening for psychiatric conditions and substance use, or both. Results Baseline LE was 61.3 years. Reducing incarceration by 25%, 33%, 50%, and 100% increased LE by 0.29 years, 0.31 years, 0.53 years, and 1.08 years, respectively, versus no reductions in incarceration. When reducing incarceration by 33% and implementing screening for alcohol, tobacco, substance use, and depression, in which a positive screen triggers diagnostic assessment for all psychiatric and substance use conditions and linkage to treatment, LE increased by 1.52 years compared to no screening or decarceration. Discussion LE among BSMM/BTW with HIV is short compared with other people with HIV. Reducing incarceration and improving screening and treatment of psychiatric conditions and substance use could substantially increase LE in this population.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Decarceration Plus Alcohol, Substance Use, and Mental Health Screening on Life Expectancies of Black Sexual Minority Men and Black Transgender Women Living With HIV in the United States: A Simulation Study Based on HPTN 061

Feelemyer,

Bershteyn,

Scheidell

et al. 2024

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

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“…Since 2020, incarceration has been one of the more frequently studied aspects of criminalization in regards to mental health, both in terms of the impact of first-hand experiences of incarceration [28–30,31 ▪ ,32 ▪ ,33–35,36,37 ▪▪ ,38–48], and the impact of having a family member incarcerated [49,50 ▪ ,51,52] (Table 1).…”

Section: Incarcerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since 2020, several studies have documented associations between personal encounters with the police and negative mental health outcomes in multiple populations (Table 3) [29,33,38,61–64,65 ▪▪ ,66–70,71 ▪ ,72,73 ▪▪ ]. Remch et al [65 ▪▪ ] found that in a longitudinal cohort of Black MSM ( n = 1155), those who experienced police harassment in the past 6 months had a 1.63 (95% CI 1.32–2.02) times higher rate of psychological distress, but not a higher rate of depressive symptoms.…”

Section: Police Encountersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Race, criminalization and urban mental health in the United States

Pamplin¹,

Kelsall²,

Keyes³

et al. 2023

Current Opinion in Psychiatry

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Purpose of reviewAs efforts to increase policing and roll back criminal legal system reforms in major U.S. cities rise, the collateral consequences of increased criminalization remain critical to document. Although the criminalization of mental illness has been well studied in the U.S., the mental health effects of criminalization are comparatively under-researched. In addition, despite extreme racial disparities in U.S. policing, there is limited understanding of how criminalization may contribute to racial disparities in mental health.Recent findingsLiterature included in this review covers various types of criminalization, including direct and indirect impacts of incarceration, criminalization of immigration, first-hand and witnessed encounters with police, and the effects of widely publicized police brutality incidents. All forms of criminalization were shown to negatively impact mental health (depression, anxiety and suicidality), with evidence suggestive of disproportionate impact on Black people.SummaryThere is evidence of significant negative impact of criminalization on mental health; however, more robust research is needed to address the limitations of the current literature. These limitations include few analyses stratified by race, a lack of focus on nonincarceration forms of criminalization, few longitudinal studies limiting causal inference, highly selected samples limiting generalizability and few studies with validated mental health measures.

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“…Risk networks have been shown empirically to be direct causes of HIV infection [ 135 , 136 , 137 ]. Further, incarceration is associated with distrust in health care and lack of engagement in primary care, which can affect detection of HIV infection [ 138 ].…”

Section: Embodimentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward a Theory of the Underpinnings and Vulnerabilities of Structural Racism: Looking Upstream from Disease Inequities among People Who Use Drugs

Friedman

Williams

Jordan³

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Structural racism is increasingly recognized as a key driver of health inequities and other adverse outcomes. This paper focuses on structural racism as an “upstream” institutionalized process, how it creates health inequities and how structural racism persists in spite of generations of efforts to end it. So far, “downstream” efforts to reduce these health inequities have had little success in eliminating them. Here, we attempt to increase public health awareness of structural racism and its institutionalization and sociopolitical supports so that research and action can address them. This paper presents both a theoretic and an analytic approach to how structural racism contributes to disproportionate rates of HIV/AIDS and related diseases among oppressed populations. We first discuss differences in disease and health outcomes among people who use drugs (PWUD) and other groups at risk for HIV from different racial and ethnic populations. The paper then briefly analyzes the history of racism; how racial oppression, class, gender and other intersectional divisions interact to create health inequities; and how structural racism is institutionalized in ways that contribute to disease disparities among people who use drugs and other people. It examines the processes, institutions and other structures that reinforce structural racism, and how these, combined with processes that normalize racism, serve as barriers to efforts to counter and dismantle the structural racism that Black, indigenous and Latinx people have confronted for centuries. Finally, we discuss the implications of this analysis for public health research and action to undo racism and to enhance the health of populations who have suffered lifetimes of racial/ethnic oppression, with a focus on HIV/AIDS outcomes.

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The associations of incarceration and depression with healthcare experiences and utilization among Black men who have sex with men in HPTN 061

Cited by 4 publications

References 37 publications

Impact of Decarceration Plus Alcohol, Substance Use, and Mental Health Screening on Life Expectancies of Black Sexual Minority Men and Black Transgender Women Living With HIV in the United States: A Simulation Study Based on HPTN 061

Impact of Decarceration Plus Alcohol, Substance Use, and Mental Health Screening on Life Expectancies of Black Sexual Minority Men and Black Transgender Women Living With HIV in the United States: A Simulation Study Based on HPTN 061

Race, criminalization and urban mental health in the United States

Toward a Theory of the Underpinnings and Vulnerabilities of Structural Racism: Looking Upstream from Disease Inequities among People Who Use Drugs

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