The Associations of Breast Feeding with Infant Growth and Body Mass Index to 16 years: ‘Children of 1997’

Cheng, Tuck Seng; Kwok, Man Ki; Leung, Gabriel M.; Schooling, CM

doi:10.1111/ppe.12434

Cited by 11 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(114 reference statements)

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“…This is the first study to show that formula intake increases the odds of slow weight gain compared to breastfeeding, although it was not associated with weight status at four months. Most prospective studies have found a positive association between formula feeding and rapid weight gain [13,14,15,33,34,35,36,37], showing a different pattern of weight gain by type of feeding. For example, the Darling study following 87 infants (46 breastfed and 41 formula fed) for 12 months showed similar WHL z-scores between breastfed and formula fed infants during the first four months, but then from the 5th to 18th month, WHL z-score was consistently higher among formula fed infants [35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An analysis of 70,000 infants enrolled in the WIC Program found that obesity at age 4 was higher in infants fed only formula (25.9%) compared to those exclusively breastfed (19.8%) [12]. Additionally, very recent longitudinal studies have shown that infants fed formula during the first 3 months of life gain significantly more weight compared to breastfed infants at six or nine months of age [13,14,15]. Formula overfeeding (feeding above recommended guidelines by age) appears to also influence weight, since bottle-fed infants have less control over feeding volumes [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Amount, Preparation and Type of Formula Consumed and Its Association with Weight Gain in Infants Participating in the WIC Program in Hawaii and Puerto Rico

et al. 2019

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The aim of this study was to assess the association between amount (below or above recommendations), preparation (liquid vs. powder), and type (regular vs. hydrolysate) of infant formula consumed and weight in infants participating in the Women, Infant and Children (WIC) Program in Hawaii (HI) and Puerto Rico (PR). This was a secondary analysis of 162 caregivers with healthy term 0–2-month-old infants. Socio-demographics, infant food frequency questionnaires, and weight and length were assessed at baseline and after four months. Infant feeding practices were associated with weight-for-length z-scores using multivariable logistic regression. In total, 37.7% were exclusively breastfed and 27.2% were exclusively formula-fed. Among formula users, regular (63.6%) and powder (87.0%) formula were the most common; 43.2% consumed formula above recommendations. Most infants had rapid weight gain (61.1%). Infants fed regular formula had higher odds of overweight after four months (adjusted OR = 8.77, 95% CI: 1.81–42.6) and higher odds of rapid weight gain (adjusted OR = 3.10, 95% CI: 1.12, 8.61). Those exclusively formula fed had higher odds of slow weight gain (adjusted OR = 4.07, 95% CI: 1.17–14.2). Formula preparation and amount of formula were not associated with weight. These results could inform the WIC program’s nutrition education messages on infant feeding. Studies with longer follow-up are needed to confirm these results.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amount, Preparation and Type of Formula Consumed and Its Association with Weight Gain in Infants Participating in the WIC Program in Hawaii and Puerto Rico

et al. 2019

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“…With social development, infant feeding knowledge and childcare skills of the parents have been continuously improving and thus there may be some changes for the growth performance of differently fed infants. A birth cohort in Hong Kong, China suggested that breast feeding may only have short-term effects on physical growth [7]. The Longitudinal Study of Chinese Breastfeeding Infants Growth and Development showed both weight and length did not display substantial differences between exclusively and non-exclusively breastfed infants from birth to 4 months [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth performance comparison of exclusively breastfed infants with partially breastfed and formula fed infants

Zong

Zhang

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

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Background Little consensus exists for growth performance of different feeding patterns in infancy. The objective of this study is to assess the growth performance of exclusively breastfed, partially breastfed and formula fed infants in China. Methods Data from a total of 109,052 infants aged 1-<12 months were collected from the 4th and 5th China National Surveys in 2005 and 2015. Feeding patterns were classified into three types for infants under 6 months of age: exclusive breastfeeding, partial breastfeeding and formula feeding. Exclusive breastfeeding refers to feeding exclusively from the mother's own milk (bottle-feeding included). Results 34.0% and 43.9% of infants were exclusively breastfed and 41.5% and 36.3% were partially breastfed at 4-<6 months in 2005 and 2015 respectively. Exclusively breastfed infants were generally a little heavier than partially breastfed and formula fed infants aged 1-<6 months; however, there was not a significant statistical difference between continued breastfeeding and formula feeding infants aged 6-<12 months. No significant statistical difference for length was observed among the three groups for ages 1-<6 months; however, infants who were continued to be breastfed were a little shorter compared to those who were formula fed (ages 6-<12 months). For infants aged 1-<2 months there was not a substantial difference from the 2006 WHO growth standards; however, for infants aged 2-<12 months the average weight and length of different feeding infants in China were a little heavier and longer than the 2006 WHO growth standards. Conclusions Partial breastfed and formula fed infants were a little lighter than exclusively breastfed infants in the first half of the first year. Formula fed infants were a little longer than continued breastfed infants in the second half.

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“…Previous studies have found that birth weight, 31–33 maternal age, 31 parental smoking, 34,35 and financial status 33,36,37 are mainly associated with thinness in children. Factors associated with their body size included nutritional form, 38,39 daytime caregiver, 40,41 breakfast, 42,43 duration of sleep, 44 snacks, 43,44 and physical activity. 44,45…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association Between Mothers' Problematic Internet Use and the Thinness of Their Children

Sakakihara

Haga

Osaki

2019

Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking

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This study aimed to clarify the association between mothers' problematic Internet use (PIU) and the thinness of their children. We analyzed data collected from health examinations of young children aged 4 months, 1.5 years, and 3 years of age performed in Matsue city, Japan, between April 2016 and March 2017. The subjects comprised 1,685 (866 boys, 819 girls) children aged 4 months, 1,728 (898 boys, 830 girls) aged 1.5 years, and 1,672 (802 boys, 870 girls) aged 3 years. Logistic regression analysis was used to clarify the association between mothers' PIU (Young's Diagnostic Questionnaire for Internet Addiction score: ≥4) and the thinness (body mass index: <15) of their children after adjusting for covariates such as birth weight, nutritional form, parental smoking status, maternal age, skipping breakfast, eating snacks, sleeping late, outdoor play, and daytime caregiver. Analysis after stratification by sex and age revealed that the mothers' PIU was significantly associated with their children's thinness only in boys aged 4 months or 1.5 years (odds ratio [OR] = 3.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00–9.96 and OR = 2.68, 95% CI = 1.04–6.89, respectively). Mothers' PIU may promote thinness among boys aged <3 years. As the nutritional status of children aged <3 years is affected by maternal feeding attitudes, our findings suggested that mothers who exhibit PIU do not provide adequate care for their children, particularly regarding feeding. In contrast, no association between mothers' PIU and their children's thinness was observed in girls.

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The Associations of Breast Feeding with Infant Growth and Body Mass Index to 16 years: ‘Children of 1997’

Abstract: Our findings suggest that breast feeding may only have short-term effects on growth. Further studies of the role of breast feeding in other metabolic diseases may be needed.

Cited by 11 publications

References 48 publications

Amount, Preparation and Type of Formula Consumed and Its Association with Weight Gain in Infants Participating in the WIC Program in Hawaii and Puerto Rico

Amount, Preparation and Type of Formula Consumed and Its Association with Weight Gain in Infants Participating in the WIC Program in Hawaii and Puerto Rico

Growth performance comparison of exclusively breastfed infants with partially breastfed and formula fed infants

Association Between Mothers' Problematic Internet Use and the Thinness of Their Children

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