The association of the <i>ACTN3</i> R577X and <i>ACE</i> I/D polymorphisms with athlete status in football: a systematic review and meta-analysis

McAuley, Alexander; Hughes, David; Tsaprouni, Loukia; Varley, Ian; Suraci, Bruce; Roos, Thomas R.; Herbert, Adam J.; Kelly, Adam L.

doi:10.1080/02640414.2020.1812195

Cited by 29 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Several genes have been associated with endurance sports and phenotypes in terms of muscle functioning ( ACTN3 and the c.1729C > T polymorphism) or blood pressure regulation ( ACE and I/D polymorphism) with substantially high replication in multiple cohorts. Specifically, several studies have found that elite endurance athletes with the TT genotype in the ACTN3 or with the DD genotype in the ACE are more frequent than in control populations of untrained individuals or have higher values of variables associated to endurance exercise performance than their counterparts with TT/CT or II/ID genotypes (Ma et al 2013 ; McAuley et al 2021 ; Vaughan et al 2016 ; Miyamoto-Mikami et al 2018 ); however, other studies have not found any effect of the ACTN3 and ACE genotypes on endurance exercise performance (Papadimitriou et al 2018 ; Mägi et al 2016 ). Additionally, the genetic component for the observed variability of muscle fiber types in humans is ~ 40–50%, indicating that muscle fiber-type composition is determined equally by genotype and environment (Ahmetov et al 2012 ).…”

Section: Sports Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics and sports performance: the present and future in the identification of talent for sports based on DNA testing

et al. 2022

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The impact of genetics on physiology and sports performance is one of the most debated research aspects in sports sciences. Nearly 200 genetic polymorphisms have been found to influence sports performance traits, and over 20 polymorphisms may condition the status of the elite athlete. However, with the current evidence, it is certainly too early a stage to determine how to use genotyping as a tool for predicting exercise/sports performance or improving current methods of training. Research on this topic presents methodological limitations such as the lack of measurement of valid exercise performance phenotypes that make the study results difficult to interpret. Additionally, many studies present an insufficient cohort of athletes, or their classification as elite is dubious, which may introduce expectancy effects. Finally, the assessment of a progressively higher number of polymorphisms in the studies and the introduction of new analysis tools, such as the total genotype score (TGS) and genome-wide association studies (GWAS), have produced a considerable advance in the power of the analyses and a change from the study of single variants to determine pathways and systems associated with performance. The purpose of the present study was to comprehensively review evidence on the impact of genetics on endurance- and power-based exercise performance to clearly determine the potential utility of genotyping for detecting sports talent, enhancing training, or preventing exercise-related injuries, and to present an overview of recent research that has attempted to correct the methodological issues found in previous investigations.

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Section: Sports Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics and sports performance: the present and future in the identification of talent for sports based on DNA testing

et al. 2022

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“…The analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on injury incidence in female football players is another key element to be studied to understand the true effect of COVID-19 on professional football. Third, only epidemiological data were analysed, not considering other factors that could trigger the apparition of injury, such as perceived fatigue, wellness [ 29 , 30 ] or some genetic variants [ 31 , 32 ]. Despite these limitations, we believe that the investigation contributes to the current knowledge of the effect of COVID-19 on the incidence and characteristics of injuries in male professional football.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injury Incidence Increases after COVID-19 Infection: A Case Study with a Male Professional Football Team

Maestro

Varillas‐Delgado

Morencos

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Background: The SARS-CoV-2 virus disease has caused numerous changes in sports routines in the last two years, showing the influence on an increase in sports injuries. The aim of this study was to prospectively analyze the incidence and characteristics of injuries in male professional football players diagnosed with COVID-19 when they return to play after recovering from this illness. Methods: Injury characteristics of professional male football players were recorded for the 2020–2021 season following the international consensus statement from the International Olympic Committee (IOC). SARS-CoV-2 infection in the football players was certified by PCR analysis. Injury epidemiology was compared in players infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus before and after being diagnosed with COVID-19. Results: 14 players (53.8%) were diagnosed with COVID-19 during 2020–2021 season and 12 (46.2%) were not infected (controls). Only three (21.4%) had suffered an injury before being diagnosed with COVID-19. Eleven players (78.6%) had injuries after being diagnosed with COVID-19 (p < 0.001). Among the players diagnosed with COVID-19, injury incidence increased on their return to play after the infection (3.8 to 12.4 injuries/1000 h of exposure, p < 0.001). Additionally, injury incidence during training (10.6 vs. 5.1 injuries/1000 h of exposure, p < 0.001) and matches (56.3 vs. 17.6 injuries/1000 h of exposure, p < 0.001) was ~two-fold higher on return to play after COVID-19 compared to controls (33.4 vs. 17.6 injuries/1000 h of exposure, respectively, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Injury incidence in professional football players who had been infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus significantly increased compared to the injury rates that these same players had prior to the illness. Additionally, the injury incidence was higher when compared to players who were not infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus during the season, especially during matches.

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“…This is due to their small effect sizes and consequent lack of explained inter-individual variance between athletes and controls [4]. For example, a recent review meta-analysed the most studied genetic variants associated with athlete status in football (i.e., ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D), which reported only modest allelic odds ratios of 1.18-1.35 [18]. In the future, it is also highly unlikely any genetic variant, or polygenic profile, will ever have the specificity/sensitivity to solely predict future sporting prowess [24,36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Testing in Professional Football: Perspectives of Key Stakeholders

McAuley

Hughes

Tsaprouni

et al. 2021

J. of SCI. IN SPORT AND EXERCISE

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Purpose Genetic research in football is currently in it’s infancy but is growing rapidly. However, the practical application of genetic testing in football and the views concerning its use are unknown. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the current practical application of genetic testing in professional football and provide an insight into the perspectives of key stakeholders (i.e., coaches, practitioners, players). Methods In total, 122 participants completed an online anonymous survey. This consisted of 21 multiple choice and Likert scale questions, with the option of providing an explanation for each response. Results Findings revealed genetic testing is rarely utilised by key stakeholders (10%) or their respective organisations (14%). However, three quarters (75%) had the opinion that genetic testing will have great utility in the future. The majority (72%) believed genetic testing should be used for athlete development and injury risk, whilst 35% believed that genetic testing should be utilised for talent identification purposes. However, most key stakeholders viewed their own (89%) and their colleagues’ (79%) knowledge related to genetic testing as insufficient; mainly due to ineffective current communication methods (91%). Most believed educational workshops are required (71%), whilst nearly all (91%) were interested in developing their expertise on the utility of genetic testing. Conclusion Genetic testing is rarely used within professional football, although key stakeholders anticipate that it will be utilised more in the future. As such, educational support may prove valuable in improving key stakeholder knowledge and the practical application of genetic testing in professional football.

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The association of the ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms with athlete status in football: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 29 publications

References 78 publications

Genetics and sports performance: the present and future in the identification of talent for sports based on DNA testing

Genetics and sports performance: the present and future in the identification of talent for sports based on DNA testing

Injury Incidence Increases after COVID-19 Infection: A Case Study with a Male Professional Football Team

Genetic Testing in Professional Football: Perspectives of Key Stakeholders

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