The Association of Sport Performance with ACE and ACTN3 Genetic Polymorphisms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

BackgroundGenetic polymorphism is suggested to be associated with human physical performance. The angiotensin I-converting enzyme insertion/deletion (ACE I/D) polymorphism and the α-actinin-3 gene (ACTN3) R577X polymorphism have been most widely studied for such association analysis. However, the findings are frequently heterogeneous. We aim to summarize the associations of ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577X with sport performance by means of meta-analysis.MethodsWe systematically reviewed and quantitatively summarized published studies, until October 31, 2012, on relationship between ACE/ACTN3 genetic polymorphisms and sports performance, respectively.ResultsA total of 366 articles on ACE and 88 articles on ACTN3 were achieved by literature search. A significant association was found for ACE II genotype compared to D allele carriage (DD+ID) with increased possibility of physical performance (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.05–1.45). With respect to sport discipline, the II genotype was found to be associated with performance in endurance athletes (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.17–1.55). On the other hand, no significant association was observed for ACTN3 RR genotype as compared to X allele carriage (XX+RX) (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.92–1.15). However, when restricted the analyses to power events, a significant association was observed (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.03–1.42).ConclusionOur results provide more solid evidence for the associations between ACE II genotype and endurance events and between ACTN3 R allele and power events. The findings suggest that the genetic profiles might influence human physical performance.

The use of VO2 max in the detection of talents in sports performance in elementary school student’s process

“…(MA et al, 2013) Consideravam se que os elevados níveis de desempenho dos atletas eram resultantes de treinamento e acompanhamento nutricional específicos, elementos estes fundamentais para o desenvolvimento da aptidão dos atletas de elite. Entretanto estes fatores ao decorrer do tempo demonstraram insuficientes para definir um fenótipo de categoria em performance física humana.…”

“…Sendo assim, o parâmetro mais importante observado durante os gestos desportivos é a velocidade com que a potência muscular pode ser executada (MONTENEGRO et al, 2013). O gene ACTN3, influencia a formação de fibras musculares do tipo II, que são agentes da geração de contrações rápidas e fortes (Ma et al, 2013). Ma et al (2013) e Pasqua et al (2011 apontam que o gene ACTN3 codifica a α-actinina-3 em fibras de músculos esqueléticos, uma proteína fundamental para provocar contrações explosivas, extremamente fortes.…”

“…O gene ACTN3, influencia a formação de fibras musculares do tipo II, que são agentes da geração de contrações rápidas e fortes (Ma et al, 2013). Ma et al (2013) e Pasqua et al (2011 apontam que o gene ACTN3 codifica a α-actinina-3 em fibras de músculos esqueléticos, uma proteína fundamental para provocar contrações explosivas, extremamente fortes. Pasqua et al (2011) complementam que a existência do gene ACTN3 é benéfico para tarefas que são necessários usar mais força muscular, em contrapartida, sua ausência indica favorecimento ao êxito de atletas em provas de longa duração.…”

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“…Moreover, despite intensive research, while there is only a little progress in the identification of genes that are locally or widely associated with athletic qualities [33] with the exception of variants in the genes ACTN3 and ACE [19,21,28]. The reason for this is as follows:…”

“…In a meta-analysis Alfred, et al [27] it is shown that the ACTN3 RR genotype is more common among European athletes speed and power sports than among athletes. In another metaanalysis Ma, et al [28] also found a positive Association between the ACTN3 RR and RX genotypes and athletic status in speed-power kinds of sports, but only in European populations, but not in Asian or African. Some studies have assessed the association between ACTN3 R577X genotype and athletic status in these Asian athletes like fighters, track and field athletes [24,29].…”