The association of sleep duration and metabolic syndrome in the Bandare-Kong cohort study, a cross-sectional survey (finding from PERSIAN cohort study)

Abstract

Background A variety of health problems, such as metabolic syndrome (MetS), have been linked to sleep disorders. While numerous epidemiological studies have shown a U-shaped relationship between sleep duration and poor health outcomes, the results were limited and inconsistent. This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between sleep duration and MetS. Methods This population-based study was conducted on the participants aged 35–70 of Bandare-Kong Non-Communicable Diseases (BKNCD) Cohort Study, a part of Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in IrAN (PERSIAN). MetS was diagnosed according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) criteria and the Iranian-specific cut-off for waist circumference (≥ 95 cm). Sleep information was extracted through a standard questionnaire based on self-reported information. Data were analyzed by R software using generalized additive models (GAMs). A statistically significant level was considered as P < 0.05. Results A total of 3695 participants were included in the analyses. The mean age was 48.05 years (SD 9.36), and 2067 (55.9%) were female. The estimated Prevalence of MetS was 35.9%, and women appeared to be more likely to have MetS than men (P < 0.001). There was a non-linear and linear association between sleep duration and the risk of MetS in women and men, respectively. The lowest risk was observed among those with 7–7.5 h of sleep duration per night. Conclusion Long sleep duration was associated with increased risk of MetS and higher MetS severity score in both genders, while the short sleep duration increased the risk of Mets as well as MetS severity score just in women. The longitudinal studies would be suggested to assess the relationship between sleep quality and quantity components and MetS.

The Association Between Short Sleep Duration and Metabolic Syndrome: A Case-Control Study

“…These findings are consistent with previously published research literature. [19][20][21] A meta-analysis by Che et al found that beginning from 7-8 hours of sleep, for every hour reduction in sleep duration, the risk of metabolic syndrome increases by 8%. 22 Although the biological basis is still unknown, there are multiple putative immunologic, endocrinologic, and metabolic processes proposed to explain the associations between MetS and lower sleeping durations.…”

“… 9 , 23 , 24 According to Iftikhar et al, when sleep is restricted, the levels of ghrelin rise while leptin levels drop which leads to increased hunger especially for fatty and starchy food as these increase the activity of the neuronal reward pathways. 21 These hormonal fluctuations could result in an increase in BMI. Another possible explanation for the association between BMI and short sleep duration is mechanical obstruction caused by fat around the neck.…”

“… 28 Another proposed mechanism is that sleep deprivation causes the hypothalamus to secrete corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) which activates the pituitary gland to release the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH leads to the secretion of cortisol and catecholamines 21 resulting in a decrease in adiponectin and an increase in leptin, IL-6, TN-alpha, lipolysis, and insulin resistance. 8 In short, short sleep duration has been reported to cause diabetes through insulin resistance, a sequela which contributes to the development of metabolic syndrome.…”

Body mass index as a dominant risk factor for metabolic syndrome among indonesian adults: a 6-year prospective cohort study of non-communicable diseases

“…In order to develop effective prevention programs, several cohort studies have been conducted to better understand the risk factors for MetS and examine MetS components [ 23 – 25 ], yet this prior research has limitations including relatively short follow-up times (one to four years) [ 26 ], variation in diagnostic criteria for MetS, or studies on populations of different ethnicities, which may affect generalisability to the Indonesian context [ 27 , 28 ]. Another study also explored MetS incidence using a similar six-year cohort, but did not rigorously select participants based on complete MetS component profiles and medication usage, which could introduce bias [ 29 ].…”

Sleep Deficiency as a Risk Factor for Hypertension: A Systematic Review

“…Numerous studies have already demonstrated that, in children, adolescents, and adults, the length of sleep is a significant risk factor for developing hypertension and other cardiometabolic illnesses [11][12][13]. However, several in-depth investigations using objective sleep measurement techniques, such as polysomnography, found no link between senior people's high blood pressure and their short sleep duration [14][15][16]. In this systematic review study, we discuss the previously reported relation between hypertension and sleeping duration in previously published studies in the database.…”