The association of short-term memory and cognitive impairment with ghrelin, leptin, and cortisol levels in non-diabetic and diabetic elderly individuals

Sang, Yu; Wang, Li Jun; Mao, Hong; Lou, Xue; Zhu, Yi

doi:10.1007/s00592-018-1111-5

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…In clinical studies, most studies examining the link between cortisol levels and global cognitive performance among non-demented older adults found that higher cortisol levels have been associated with poorer overall cognitive performance (Lupien et al, 2007; Lee B.K. et al, 2008; Ouanes et al, 2017a; Sang et al, 2018). Likewise, most (Beluche et al, 2010; Geerlings et al, 2015; Segerstrom et al, 2016; Ouanes et al, 2017a,b; Echouffo-Tcheugui et al, 2018), even though not all (Lee B.K.…”

Section: Glucocorticoid Receptors and Cortisol Effects On Cognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Cortisol and the Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review of the Literature

Ouanes

Popp

2019

Front. Aging Neurosci.

294

212

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Introduction: Cortisol effects on the brain are exerted through two distinct receptors, inducing complex and even opposite effects on the cerebral structures implicated in the various cognitive functions. High cortisol may also have deleterious effects on the brain structures and contribute to neurodegeneration, in particular Alzheimer’s disease (AD), via different mechanisms. Objective: To examine the interrelationships between cortisol, cognitive impairment and AD. Methods: Review of the literature. Results: Clinical studies found that elevated cortisol was associated with poorer overall cognitive functioning, as well as with poorer episodic memory, executive functioning, language, spatial memory, processing speed, and social cognition; while in animals, glucocorticoid administration resulted in cognitive impairment and abnormal behavior. In cognitively healthy subjects, higher cortisol levels have been associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline and AD. Subjects with dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) due to AD have been found to have higher CSF cortisol levels than cognitively healthy controls. Elevated CSF cortisol may also be associated with a more rapid cognitive decline in MCI due to AD. Elevated cortisol levels have been also found in delirium. High cortisol may mediate the impact of stressful life events, high neuroticism, depression, sleep disturbances, as well as cardiovascular risk factors on cognitive performance, neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline. High cortisol may also exert neurotoxic effects on the hippocampus, and promote oxidative stress and amyloid β peptide toxicity. Further possible underlying mechanisms include the interactions of cortisol with inflammatory mediators, neurotransmitters, and growth factors. Conclusion: Elevated cortisol levels may exert detrimental effects on cognition and contribute to AD pathology. Further studies are needed to investigate cortisol-reducing and glucocorticoidreceptor modulating interventions to prevent cognitive decline.

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Section: Glucocorticoid Receptors and Cortisol Effects On Cognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Cortisol and the Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review of the Literature

Ouanes

Popp

2019

Front. Aging Neurosci.

294

212

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Intrahippocampal ghrelin increases nitric oxide synthase (NOs) to induce short-term and long-term memory improvement [86] ( Figure 7). e lower level of fasting ghrelin and inhibition of ghrelin signaling in humans were associated with memory loss and cognitive impairment [87,88], even though other studies showed that ghrelin has no effect on memory; instead, it modulates encoding-related brain functions without enhancing memory formation [89].…”

Section: Octanoylated Mouse Ghrelinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological Effect of Ghrelin on Body Systems

Akalu

Molla

Dessie

et al. 2020

International Journal of Endocrinology

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Ghrelin is a relatively novel multifaceted hormone that has been found to exert a plethora of physiological effects. In this review, we found/confirmed that ghrelin has effect on all body systems. It induces appetite; promotes the use of carbohydrates as a source of fuel while sparing fat; inhibits lipid oxidation and promotes lipogenesis; stimulates the gastric acid secretion and motility; improves cardiac performance; decreases blood pressure; and protects the kidneys, heart, and brain. Ghrelin is important for learning, memory, cognition, reward, sleep, taste sensation, olfaction, and sniffing. It has sympatholytic, analgesic, antimicrobial, antifibrotic, and osteogenic effects. Moreover, ghrelin makes the skeletal muscle more excitable and stimulates its regeneration following injury; delays puberty; promotes fetal lung development; decreases thyroid hormone and testosterone; stimulates release of growth hormone, prolactin, glucagon, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, vasopressin, and oxytocin; inhibits insulin release; and promotes wound healing. Ghrelin protects the body by different mechanisms including inhibition of unwanted inflammation and induction of autophagy. Having a clear understanding of the ghrelin effect in each system has therapeutic implications. Future studies are necessary to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of ghrelin actions as well as its application as a GHSR agonist to treat most common diseases in each system without any paradoxical outcomes on the other systems.

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“…Each participant's height and weight were measured and used to calculate the body mass index (BMI). The kits used for ghrelin and leptin analyses were similar to those used in our previous studies [42].…”

Section: Evaluation Of Physiological Indicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation of lower 2 h C-peptide and elevated evening cortisol with high levels of depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus

et al. 2020

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Background A number of studies have explored the association between depression and ghrelin, leptin, and cortisol; further, postprandial C-peptide levels have a therapeutic effect on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the relationship between C-peptide and depression in patients with diabetes, remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the association between depression and ghrelin, leptin, cortisol, and C-peptide in patients with diabetes. Methods We enrolled 50 adults without T2DM, 77 non-depressed adults with T2DM (free of Axis-I psychiatric disorders as assessed using the Mental Illness Needs Index (MINI), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9 score ≤ 4)) and 59 patients with T2DM and depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 7 and positive by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5). The age range of the participants was 45–59 years of age. We compared the above three groups and explored the association between ghrelin, leptin, cortisol, C-peptide, and depression in patients with diabetes. A post-hoc power-analysis was finished. Results Compared with the non-depression T2DM group, the depression T2DM group had significantly higher blood glucose fluctuations. Further, compared with the non-depression T2DM and non-diabetic groups, the depression T2DM group had significantly lower levels of post-meal 2-h C-peptide and elevated evening cortisol (p < 0.01). Regression analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between depression severity and 2-h postprandial C-peptide in patients with diabetes (p < 0.01) and a significant positive correlation with midnight cortisol levels (p < 0.01). A post hoc power analysis showed that we had an adequate sample size and met the minimum requirement to attain 80% power. A post hoc power calculation also demonstrated that this study basically achieved power of 80% at 5% alpha level. Conclusions Our findings indicate a correlation of low fasting levels of 2-h C-peptide as well as higher midnight cortisol levels with higher depression severity in middle-aged patients with T2DM.

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The association of short-term memory and cognitive impairment with ghrelin, leptin, and cortisol levels in non-diabetic and diabetic elderly individuals

Abstract: Fasting plasma ghrelin and cortisol levels may be markers of cognitive decline and memory loss. It is possible that adjusting their levels may have a therapeutic effect, and this should be investigated in future studies.

Cited by 13 publications

References 55 publications

High Cortisol and the Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review of the Literature

High Cortisol and the Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review of the Literature

Physiological Effect of Ghrelin on Body Systems

Correlation of lower 2 h C-peptide and elevated evening cortisol with high levels of depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus

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