The Association of Resting Heart Rate and Incident Hypertension: The Henry Ford Hospital Exercise Testing (FIT) Project

Aladin, Amer I.; Rifai, Mahmoud Al; Rasool, Shereen H.; Keteyian, Steven J.; Brawner, Clinton A.; Michos, Erin D.; Blaha, Michael J.; Al-Mallah, Mouaz; McEvoy, John W.

doi:10.1093/ajh/hpv095

Cited by 47 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Previous studies regarding whether age modified the association between RHR and cardiovascular events or risk factors generated inconsistent results. For example, two previous studies reported that the associations between faster RHR and risk of hypertension 27 and diabetes 28 were stronger in participants with younger age. In contrast, in another study regarding total and cardiovascular disease mortality, the interaction between age and RHR was not significant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resting Heart Rate Trajectory Pattern Predicts Arterial Stiffness in a Community-Based Chinese Cohort

Chen

Jin

et al. 2017

ATVB

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Objective To examined whether the long-term resting heart rate (RHR) pattern can predict the risk of having arterial stiffness in a large ongoing cohort. Approach and Results This community-based cohort included 12,554 participants in the Kailun study, free of myocardial infraction, stroke, arrhythmia, and cancer. We used latent mixture modeling to identify RHR trajectories in 2006, 2008 and 2010. We used multivariate linear regression model to examine the association between RHR trajectory patterns and the risk of having arterial stiffness, which was assessed by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) in 2010–2016. We adjusted for possible confounding factors, including social economic status, lifestyle factors, use of medications, co-morbidities, serum concentrations of lipids, glucose and high-sensitive C-reactive proteins. We identified five distinct RHR trajectory patterns based on their 2006 status and pattern of change during 2006–2010 (low-stable, moderate-stable, moderate-increasing, elevated-decreasing, and elevated-stable). We found that individuals with elevated-stable RHR trajectory pattern had the highest bpPWV value and individuals with the low-stable RHR trajectory pattern had the lowest value (adjusted mean difference = 157 cm/s, P<0.001). Adjusted odds ratio for risk of having arterial stiffness (bpPWV≥1400 cm/s) was 4.14 (95% confidence interval: 2.61–6.57) relative to these two extreme categories. Consistently, a higher average RHR, a higher annual RHR increase rate and a higher RHR variability were all associated with a higher risk of having arterial stiffness. Conclusion Long-term RHR pattern is a strong predictor of having arterial stiffness.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resting Heart Rate Trajectory Pattern Predicts Arterial Stiffness in a Community-Based Chinese Cohort

Chen

Jin

et al. 2017

ATVB

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“…Heart rate is regulated by complex interactions of biological systems, including the autonomous nervous and hormonal systems 12 . In addition, resting heart rate is associated with many other cardiovascular risk factors, including blood pressure, smoking, glucose metabolism, lipids, C-reactive protein, metabolic syndrome, body mass index, and diabetes mellitus [13][14][15][16] . In some conditions, including heart failure, reduction of heart rate has been directly demonstrated to lead to event reduction providing evidence that heart rate is indeed a modifiable causal risk factor and not just a risk marker or a reflection of comorbidities 11 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Identification of genomic loci associated with resting heart rate and shared genetic predictors with all-cause mortality

et al. 2016

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Resting heart rate is a heritable trait correlated with life span. Little is known about the genetic contribution to resting heart rate and its relationship with mortality. We performed a genome-wide association discovery and replication analysis starting with 19.9 million genetic variants and studying up to 265,046 individuals to identify 64 loci associated with resting heart rate (P < 5 × 10); 46 of these were novel. We then used the genetic variants identified to study the association between resting heart rate and all-cause mortality. We observed that a genetically predicted resting heart rate increase of 5 beats per minute was associated with a 20% increase in mortality risk (hazard ratio 1.20, 95% confidence interval 1.11-1.28, P = 8.20 × 10) translating to a reduction in life expectancy of 2.9 years for males and 2.6 years for females. Our findings provide evidence for shared genetic predictors of resting heart rate and all-cause mortality.

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“…Elevated resting heart rate has been associated with development of risk factors including diabetes 9 and hypertension 10 . It has previously been suggested that the association between resting heart rate and heart failure is driven by accelerated coronary atherosclerosis via increased inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and ventricular remodelling due to increased metabolic stress 11 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated resting heart rate in adolescent men and risk of heart failure and cardiomyopathy

et al. 2020

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Aims This study aims to investigate the association of resting heart rate (RHR) measured in late adolescence with long-term risk of cause-specific heart failure (HF) and subtypes of cardiomyopathy (CM), with special attention to cardiorespiratory fitness. Methods and resultsWe performed a nation-wide, register-based cohort study of all Swedish men enrolled for conscription in 1968-2005 (n = 1 008 363; mean age = 18.3 years). RHR and arterial blood pressure were measured together with anthropometrics as part of the enlistment protocol. HF and its concomitant diagnoses, as well as all CM diagnoses, were collected from the national inpatient, outpatient, and cause of death registries. Risk estimates were calculated by Cox-proportional hazards models while adjusting for potential confounders. During follow-up, there were 8400 cases of first hospitalization for HF and 3377 for CM. Comparing the first and fifth quintiles of the RHR distribution, the hazard ratio (HR) for HF associated with coronary heart disease, diabetes, or hypertension was 1.25 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13-1.38] after adjustment for body mass index, blood pressure, and cardiorespiratory fitness. The corresponding HR was 1.43 (CI = 1.08-1.90) for HF associated with CM and 1.34 (CI = 1.16-1.54) for HF without concomitant diagnosis. There was an association between RHR and dilated CM [HR = 1.47 (CI = 1.27-1.71)] but not hypertrophic, alcohol/drug-induced, or other cardiomyopathies. Conclusions Adolescent RHR is associated with future risk of HF, regardless of associated aetiological condition. The association was strongest for HF associated with CM, driven by the association with dilated CM. These findings indicate a causal pathway between elevated RHR and myocardial dysfunction that warrants further investigation.

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The Association of Resting Heart Rate and Incident Hypertension: The Henry Ford Hospital Exercise Testing (FIT) Project

Abstract: Elevated RHR is an independent risk factor for incident hypertension, particularly in younger persons. Whether lifestyle modification or other strategies to reduce RHR can prevent incident hypertension in high-risk individuals warrants further study.

Cited by 47 publications

References 28 publications

Resting Heart Rate Trajectory Pattern Predicts Arterial Stiffness in a Community-Based Chinese Cohort

Resting Heart Rate Trajectory Pattern Predicts Arterial Stiffness in a Community-Based Chinese Cohort

Identification of genomic loci associated with resting heart rate and shared genetic predictors with all-cause mortality

Elevated resting heart rate in adolescent men and risk of heart failure and cardiomyopathy

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