The Association of Heavy Metal of Blood and Serum in the Alzheimer's Diseases

Abstract

This study has attempted to establish an analysis method through validation against heavy metals in the body (Pb, Cd and Hg) using ICP-MS and Gold amalgamation and find out the relevance between heavy metal and Alzheimer’s disease after analyzing the distribution of heavy metal concentration (Pb, Cd and Hg) and correlations between a control group and Alzheimer’s disease group. In this study, Pb and Cd levels in the blood and serum were validation using ICP-MS. For analysis of Hg levels in the blood and serum, the gold amalgamation-based ‘Direct Mercury Analyzer’ has been used. According to an analysis on the heavy metal concentration (Pb, Cd and Hg concentration) in the blood, Cd concentration was high in the Alzheimer’s disease group. In the serum, on the contrary, Pb and Hg were high in the Alzheimer’s disease group. For analysis of correlations between heavy metal levels in the blood and serum and Alzheimer’s disease, t-test has been performed. Even though correlations were observed between the blood lead levels and Alzheimer’s disease, they were statistically insignificant because the concentration was higher in a control group. No significance was found in Cd and Hg. In the serum, on the other hand, no statistical significance was found between the heavy metal (Pb, Cd and Hg) and Alzheimer’s disease. In this study, no statistical significance was observed between heavy metal and decrease in cognitive intelligence. However, it appears that a further study needs to be performed because the results of the conventional studies were inconsistent.

Evaluation of some toxic metals in blood samples of smokers in Saudi Arabia by inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry

“…Therefore there are significance difference between the concentration of toxic metals in smokers and non-smokers. These findings are in agreement with previous studies [10][11][12][13][14][15].…”

“…Health care professionals need to offer appropriate counsel and therapies to patients suffering from ailments such as blood pressure [10,11], cardiovascular diseases [1], Alzheimer's diseases [13] and prostate cancer [15].…”

“…Studies have been carried out in various cities to determine the levels of toxic elements in smokers using either inductive coupled plasma (ICP)-optical emission spectrometry [10] or ICP -mass spectrometry [11][12][13][14][15]. Most of the reported data [10][11][12][13][14][15] show that the concentrations of heavy metals in smokers are higher than in nonsmokers.…”

“…Most of the reported data [10][11][12][13][14][15] show that the concentrations of heavy metals in smokers are higher than in nonsmokers. The present investigation was aimed to assess the concentration of Cd, Pb, As, Hg and Ni in the blood of cigarette smokers and tobacco pipe smokers resident in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, using inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry, after microwave acid digestion.…”

Altered Expression Levels of Neurodevelopmental Proteins in Fetal Brains of BTBR T+tf/J Mice with Autism-Like Behavioral Characteristics

“…Accumulation of autoantibodies to brain proteins in fetal brain could interfere with fetal brain development, which has been addressed in association with ASD (Nordahl et al, 2013;Rossi et al, 2011;Singer et al, 2008). In addition, interaction of certain metals with brain tissue was suggested to expose brain autoantigens to peripheral immune factors, which may result in production of autoantibodies to brain antigens and sequentially induce neuroinflammation involved with ASD phenotype (Figure 4) (Goines and Ashwood, 2013;Karakis et al, 2014;Lee et al, 2012;Schwartzer et al, 2013;Song and Choi, 2013). Based on these findings, it was postulated that lower expression levels of certain fetal brain proteins may be related to autistic characteristics of BTBR mice, an appropriate animal model for autism investigation.…”