The association of fatty liver index and BARD score with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a nationwide population-based study

Abstract

Background Type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) commonly coexist. However, NAFLD’s effect on mortality in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes awaits full elucidation. Therefore, we examined NAFLD-related all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a nationwide Asian population with type 2 diabetes. Methods We included patients who had undergone general health checkups between 2009 and 2012 using the National Health Insurance Service database linked to death-certificate data. Hepatic steatosis was defined as a fatty liver index (FLI) ≥ 60, and advanced hepatic fibrosis was determined using the BARD score. Findings During the follow-up period of 8.1 years, 222,242 deaths occurred, with a mortality rate of 14.3/1000 person-years. An FLI ≥ 60 was significantly associated with increased risks of all-cause and cause-specific mortality including cardiovascular disease (CVD)-, cancer-, and liver disease (FLI ≥ 60: hazard ratio [HR] = 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.03 for all-cause; 1.07, 1.04–1.10 for CVD; 1.12, 1.09–1.14 for cancer; and 2.63, 2.50–2.77 for liver disease). Those with an FLI ≥ 60 and fibrosis (BARD ≥ 2) exhibited increased risks of all-cause (HR, 95% CI 1.11, 1.10–1.12), CVD- (HR, 95% CI 1.11, 1.09–1.14), cancer- (HR, 95% CI 1.17, 1.15–1.19), and liver disease-related (HR, 95% CI 2.38, 2.29–2.49) mortality. Conclusion Hepatic steatosis and advanced fibrosis were significantly associated with risks of overall and cause-specific mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Our results provide evidence that determining the presence of hepatic steatosis and/or fibrosis potentially plays a role in risk stratification of mortality outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The first external validation of the Dallas steatosis index in biopsy-proven Non-alcoholic fatty liver Disease: A multicenter study

“…In the original publication of DSI [18], the authors mentioned that DSIespecially the higher risk thresholdscould be used as a diagnostic surrogate for NAFLD in epidemiologic studies, similar to other NAFLD indexes like HSI [27][28][29][30][31][32], FLI [27,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] and LFS [43]. However, this claim should be confirmed in the context of large-scale epidemiological studies in relation to major outcomes such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, liver cancer, or mortality [44].…”