The Association of Dietary Vitamin Intake Time Across a Day With Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality

Abstract

BackgroundChrono-nutrition emphasized the importance of the intake time; however, less is known about the impact of dietary vitamin intake time on health. This study aimed to examine our hypothesis about which vitamin intake time could influence the natural course of cardiovascular disease (CVD).MethodsA total of 27,455 adults enrolled in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) during 2003–2014 were recruited. The 12 dietary vitamin intakes in the morning, afternoon, and evening were categorized into tertiles or quartiles. Cox-proportional hazard regression models were developed to evaluate the association of vitamin intake time with CVD and all-cause mortalities.ResultsCompared with participants in the lowest quartile, participants in the highest quartile of dietary VB2 intake in the morning had significantly lowest mortality risk of CVD [hazard ratio (HR)VB2 = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.60–0.94, p = 0.017]; whereas, participants in the highest quartile of dietary-vitamin B6 (VB6), vitamin C (VC), vitamin E (VE), and folate-equivalent consumed in the evening showed the lowest risks of CVD (HRVB6 = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.60–0.99, p = 0.103; HRVC = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.65–0.98, p = 0.050; HRVE = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.56–0.99, p = 0.032; HRfolate–equivalent = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.63–0.97, p = 0.116) and all-cause mortalities (HRVB6 = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.71–0.93, p = 0.006; HRVC = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.76–0.95, p = 0.004; HRVE = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72–0.97, p = 0.011; HRfolate–equivalent = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.71–0.90, p = 0.001). Moreover, equivalently replacing 10% intake of dietary VB6, VC, VE, and folate-equivalent in the morning with evening were associated with 4% (HRVB6 = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92–0.99), 5% (HRVC = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92–0.99), 4% (HRVE = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.91–0.99), and 5% (HRfolate–equivalent = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92–0.99) lower risk of CVD mortality.ConclusionThis study found that the optimal intake time of dietary VB2 was in the morning, and the optimal intake times of dietary VB6, VC, VE, and folate-equivalent were in the evening.

Meal timing of dietary total antioxidant capacity and its association with all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality: the US national health and nutrition examination survey, 1999–2018

“…Our findings are supported by a previous study that investigated the potential negative association of meal timing of individual antioxidants on mortality [20]. The optimal intake times of dietary antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin E were in the evening, which was associated with the lowest risks of CVD and all-cause mortalities [20]. Notably, we further found that after including coffee, the inverse associations between total, dinner and Δ DACs and all-cause mortality weakened or was even lost, while an inverse association between breakfast DAC and allcause mortality was observed.…”

“…To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the association of meal timing of DAC with all-cause and specific-cause mortality and to emphasize the importance of DAC distribution for a low risk of mortality. Our findings are supported by a previous study that investigated the potential negative association of meal timing of individual antioxidants on mortality [ 20 ]. The optimal intake times of dietary antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin E were in the evening, which was associated with the lowest risks of CVD and all-cause mortalities [ 20 ].…”

“…More specifically, disruption of meal timing is associated with metabolic disorders and increased risk of chronic diseases [18,19]. Abundant studies have also identified the optimal intake times of energy, macronutrients, vitamins, or minerals across a day for reducing the risk of all-cause, CVD, or cancer mortality [20][21][22][23]. Meal timing, as a potential zeitgeber, aids organisms in synchronizing the external environment to the internal circadian rhythm, thereby maximizing health improvement [24,25].…”

Simultaneous determination of folic acid photolysis products and oxidized guanine derivatives in plasma by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry

“…Folate is a water-soluble B vitamin derived from foodstuffs and participates in various biochemical processes, espe-cially via its central role in the metabolism of nucleotides for DNA synthesis and methylation reaction [1]. Folate deficiency is linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, and certain cancers [2][3][4]. Folic acid (FA) is a synthetic form of folate and is administered as a dietary supplement.…”

Dietary intake of potassium, vitamin E, and vitamin C emerges as the most significant predictors of cardiovascular disease risk in adults

“…[2][3][4] Observational data has also suggested that adequate intake of iron, potassium, magnesium, vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin B6, and folate could lower the risk of CVD. [5][6][7][8][9][10] However, the precise relationship between micronutrients and their role in preventing or reducing the risk of CVD is still not fully understood. A systematic review from 2018 suggested that, apart from B vitamins, the intake of micronutrients may not significantly impact CVD risk.…”