The association of dietary spermidine with all-cause mortality and CVD mortality: The U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003 to 2014

Abstract

BackgroundCurrent studies on the protective effects of dietary spermidine (SPD) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) are mainly limited to animal studies, and the relationship between dietary SPD and CVD mortality remains inconclusive.ObjectiveThis study aims to evaluate the association between dietary SPD intake and CVD and all-cause mortality.MethodsA total of 23,894 people enrolled in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2003 to 2014 were recruited for this study. The dietary intake of SPD from 11 specific food origins and total SPD was categorized into tertiles or quartiles. Cox proportional hazard regression models were developed to evaluate the association of SPD intake with CVD and all-cause mortalities.ResultsAmong the 23,894 participants, 2,365 deaths, including 736 deaths due to CVD, were documented. After adjustment for potential confounders, compared with participants in the lowest quartile, participants in the highest quartile of total SPD had a significantly lower risk of CVD mortality (HR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.51–0.91) and all-cause mortality (HR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.60–0.82); participants in the highest tertiles or quartiles of vegetable-derived SPD, cereal-derived SPD, legume-derived SPD, nut-derived SPD, and cheese-derived SPD had a lower risk of CVD mortality (HR vegetable − derivedSPD = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.54–0.86; HR cereal − derivedSPD = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.57–0.97; HR legume − derivedSPD = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.52–0.88; HR nut − derivedSPD = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.53–0.80; HR cheese − derivedSPD = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.52–0.88) and all-cause mortality (HR vegetable − derivedSPD = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.64–0.84; HR cereal − derivedSPD = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.69–0.93; HR legume − derivedSPD = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.60–0.80;HR nut − derivedSPD = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.64–0.81; HR cheese − derivedSPD = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.61–0.81) than those in the lowest tertiles or quartiles. Moreover, subgroup analysis showed consistent associations among the people with hypertension and hyperlipidemia.ConclusionHigher intake of dietary SPD is associated with decreased risk of CVD and all-cause mortality, and among specific food origin SPD, SPD derived from vegetables, cereals, legumes, nuts, and cheese was associated with reduced CVD and all-cause mortality.

Non-linear associations of serum spermidine with type 2 diabetes mellitus and fasting plasma glucose: a cross-sectional study

“…In Bruneck Study, a prospective population-based study, higher intake of dietary spermidine as assessed from food-frequency questionnaires was found to be correlated with reduced blood pressure, a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease ( 9 ), enhanced cognition ( 20 ) and lower mortality ( 19 ). Moreover, increased dietary spermidine was associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in the U.S. population recruited in the NHANES from 2003 to 2014 ( 21 ). In addition to the obesity-associated parameters mentioned before, daily intake of spermidine was negatively correlated with body mass index and waist circumference in the NHANES from 2009 to 2010 ( 15 ).…”

Dietary polyamine intake and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Japanese adults in the Takayama study

“…† Adjusted for age, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol consumption, education, marital status, histories of diabetes and hypertension and intakes of polyunsaturated fat, glycaemic load, vegetables, salt and coffee. decreased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality (12) . Putrescine (diamine) differs from spermidine (triamine) in its genesis and metabolic reactions (29) .…”

“…In the Bruneck study among 829 Italian men and women, a high intake of spermidine was significantly associated with a decreased risk of all-cause and non-cancer, non-CVD mortality (11) . In the US National Health and Nutrition survey among 23 894 participants, spermidine intake was significantly associated with a decreased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality (12) . Putrescine (diamine) differs from spermidine (triamine) in its genesis and metabolic reactions (29) .…”

“…However, epidemiological studies on the potential health effects of dietary polyamine intake are scarce. To our knowledge, only two studies have prospectively examined the association between polyamine intake and all-cause mortality (11,12) . Even studies on polyamine intake and the risk of any chronic diseases are very few (13)(14)(15)(16) .…”

Natural Activators of Autophagy Reduce Oxidative Stress and Muscle Injury Biomarkers in Endurance Athletes: A Pilot Study

“…Spermidine is a naturally occurring endogenous polyamine with a wide range of beneficial effects, including cardiovascular protection, immune system regulation, and neuroprotective effects [ 16 , 17 , 18 ]. For example, a higher intake of dietary spermidine is associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality [ 19 ]. In mice, spermidine has been reported to significantly attenuate cardiac dysfunction [ 20 ] and to reduce necrotic core formation and lipid accumulation in the atherosclerotic plaque [ 21 ] via induction of autophagy [ 20 , 21 ].…”