The association of dietary patterns and adherence to WHO healthy diet with metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: Tehran lipid and glucose study

Abstract

BackgroundThe optimal dietary pattern for reducing the extent of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has not been well established yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary patterns and adherence to WHO healthy diet in children and adolescents and their associations with MetS.MethodsSubjects of this cohort study were selected from among children and adolescents of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study participants, aged 6–18 years (n = 424). Dietary measurements were collected using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. MetS was defined as the existence of at least 3 risk factors according to the Cook criteria. Diet was assessed based on dietary components of the WHO healthy diet. Dietary patterns were defined by principal component analysis.ResultsThe mean ± SD age of participants (42% boys and 57% girls) was 13.5 ± 3.7 years. The most consistency with the WHO healthy diet was observed for cholesterol, free sugar and protein consumption in both genders, and the least was for n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acid, trans-fatty acid and salt. Intake of SFA up to 12% of energy intake (third quartile) reduced the risk of MetS, compared to the first quartile. Subjects in the third quartile of n-6 poly-unsaturated fatty acid intake (6.2% of energy) showed the lowest odds ratio of MetS compared to the first quartile (OR: 0.18, CI: 0.04–0.66). In the adjusted model, the risk of MetS reduced across quartiles of MUFA intake by 60% (OR: 1, 0.40, 0.40, 0.42; P trend = 0.05). No significant trends were observed in the risk of MetS components across quartiles of the WHO healthy diet components. Three major dietary patterns were identified, the healthy, unhealthy and cereal/meat. An increased risk of MetS was observed in the highest quartile of unhealthy dietary pattern score compared to the lowest quartile (OR: 1, 0.81, 0.93, 2.49; P trend = 0.03).ConclusionsOur results demonstrated that the majority of our population did not meet some components of WHO healthy diet recommendations. The quality and quantity of fatty acid intakes were associated with risk of MetS. Adherence to unhealthy dietary pattern was associated with two-fold increase in MetS risk.

Leisure-Time Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Diet Quality are Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Severity: The PREDIMED-Plus Study

“…The higher intakes of total protein, total fat, SFA, TFA, and cholesterol showed by the highest MetSSS may have been due to the high consumption of total, red, and processed meat and other oils and fats different from olive oil, and it is consistent with previous results in which the quality and the amount of FA intake were associated with risk of MetS [48]. Previous findings showed a decrease in cardiovascular risk on reductions of SFA intake [49], like our results on lower SFA intake in lower severity MetSSS participants.…”

Association between diet-related knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and self-rated health in Chinese adult residents: a population-based study

“…Previous studies have revealed that diet-related behaviors can influence individuals' health. For example, dietrelated behaviors are associated with mortality and morbidity of non-communicable diseases [1], risk of certain diseases (cardiovascular disease [9,10], metabolic syndrome [11][12][13], and cancer [9,14]), and all-cause mortality [9]. Knowledge and attitudes indirectly affect individuals' health status by promoting behavior change [15,16].…”

Added and Free Sugars Intake and Metabolic Biomarkers in Japanese Adolescents

“…A large sample size, one of the strengths of this study, revealed the associations of added or free sugars intake with Glu, SBP, and metabolic syndrome score. However the ORs for metabolic syndrome or most of other risks were not significant even with a large sample size, which is comparable to those of other studies on Asian adolescents [24,25]. Other than BMI, we used metabolic variables that might be a rare complicated confounder of energy intake.…”

“…There have been few studies investigating the association between intake of sugars or SSBs and cardiovascular risks among Asian adolescents. Studies on adolescents from Korea [ 21 ], China [ 22 ], Japan, and Cambodia [ 23 ] examined the association of sugars intake with body fatness, while studies from Korea [ 24 ] and Iran [ 25 ] examined the association with metabolic risk factors, and showed no significant associations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the association between added or free sugars intake and metabolic biomarkers other than adiposity in Japanese adolescents and to evaluate high intake of sugars to identify adolescents with cardiometabolic risks.…”