The association of COVID-19 severity and susceptibility and genetic risk factors: A systematic review of the literature

Ishak, Angela; Mehendale, Meghana; AlRawashdeh, Mousa M.; Sestacovschi, Cristina; Sharath, Medha; Pandav, Krunal; Marzban, Sima

doi:10.1016/j.gene.2022.146674

Cited by 33 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…However, the significant higher percentage of DD polymorphism in the sample of Mexican patients with severe COVID-19 evidences the association. Our study is also in accordance with reports that highlight the role of the genetic factor with the evolution of COVID-19 (14,15). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the I/D polymorphism in Mexican patients with COVID-19 severity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 1 Polymorphisms and Lipid Profile in Mexican Patients With COVID-19

Mateos

Zarate

Bastida-González³

et al. 2023

In Vivo

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Background/Aim: Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is present in a diverse type of cells and plays an important role in lung physiology and pathophysiology. Angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE) are part of the RAS system. There are still controversies about the association of I/D polymorphisms of ACE1 with COVID-19 severity. The goal of the study was to determine whether there is an association of the I/D polymorphism with severity of in Mexican patients. Patients and Methods: The study included voluntary participants: 53 healthy individuals negative to RT-PCR COVID-19 (control), and 165 patients positive to COVID-19. Severity was defined by the need of hospitalization, invasive ventilation, shock, or multiple organ failure. The patient group consisted of 28 asymptomatic, 82 with mild, and 55 with severe COVID-19. I/D polymorphism was determined by PCR. Rutinary laboratory tests were performed in all the participants. Results: DD polymorphism was significantly associated with severe COVID-19, independently of comorbidities, or any other variable. Receiver operator characteristic curves demonstrated association of low total cholesterol, low high-density lipoproteins, and high c-reactive protein with severity of COVID-19. Conclusion: The DD polymorphism was associated with the course of the infection and severity of COVID-19 in a sample of Mexican patients.The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is present regulates diverse cellular processes. Angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE), are part of RAS. ACE1 has two main functions: production of angiotensin II and degradation of bradykinin, whereas the main functions of ACE2 are degradation of angiotensin II and production of ang1-7. ACE1 and ACE2 have opposite functions (1). The ACE1 gene maps on chromosome 17, locus 17q23 (1). The main polymorphisms of ACE1 are insertion (I) or deletion (D) of a 287-base pair segment, which produces three polymorphisms, DD, ID, and II (2). ACE activity and ACE levels in plasma depend on the D polymorphism (1). DD is related to higher concentrations of angiotensin II in plasma and has been associated with hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, myocardial infarction, and increased mortality in people younger than 65 years (1, 3). The D allele is associated with diabetic nephropathy and left ventricular hypertension, whereas the I allele is associated with high performance exercise (1). The ID polymorphism has been associated with lung acute and chronic diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary hypertension, asthma, lung cancer, and pulmonary sarcoidosis (3).It is known that ACE2 is the receptor of SARS-COVID-19 (4). Therefore, regulation of ACE1 and ACE2 has been extensively explored in COVID-19. The association of DD polymorphism with severity of COVID-19 seems to depend on ethnicity, sampling bias, biological factors, study design, data analysis, and time of sampling (wave of COVID-19) (2). 433

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…A recent review (15) highlights the importance of the genetic factor, including ACE1 polymorphisms, on clinical evolution, transmission, virus mutation and responses to vaccination of COVID-19.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 1 Polymorphisms and Lipid Profile in Mexican Patients With COVID-19

Mateos

Zarate

Bastida-González³

et al. 2023

In Vivo

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“…[40] Many systematic reviews and meta-analysis have delineated ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genes to increase the risk of susceptibility and severity of COVID-19. [41][42][43] This could lead to tubulopathy or even renal failure, which could explain the loss of free water or sodium retention for hypernatremia. However, ICU patients are at high risk of hypernatremia due to their inability to maintain free water balance due to sedation, intubation and fluid restrictions for various other reasons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of hypernatremia with outcomes of COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2022

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Background: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the association of hypernatremia with the outcomes of COVID-19 patients. Methods: We performed a systematic literature search on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct until October 2021 and found a total of 131 papers. With meticulous screening finally, 17 papers met the inclusion criteria. COVID-19 patients with sodium levels greater than the reference level were the study population and the outcome of interest was the poor outcome; such as mortality, mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and prolonged hospital stay. The pooled estimate was calculated as the odds ratio (OR). Results: There were 19,032 patients with hypernatremia in the 17 studies included. An overall random effect meta-analysis showed that hypernatremia was associated with mortality (OR: 3.18 [1.61, 6.28], P < .0001, I 2 = 91.99%), prolong hospitalization (OR: 1.97 [1.37, 2.83], P < .001, I 2 = 0.00%) and Ventilation (OR: 5.40 [1.89, 15.42], P < .001, I 2 = 77.35%), ICU admission (OR: 3.99 [0.89, 17.78], P = .07, I 2 = 86.79%). Meta-regression analysis showed the association of age with the ICU outcome of hypernatremia patients. Whereas, other parameters like male, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mellitus did not significantly influence the odds ratio. Conclusion: Hypernatremia was markedly associated with poor outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Hence, a blood ionogram is warranted and special attention must be given to hypernatremia COVID-19 patients.

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“…Heterogeneous findings were observed regarding the correlation between genetic variations and COVID-19 susceptibility and severity [ 8 , 9 , 45 – 47 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

HLA alleles associated with COVID-19 susceptibility and severity in different populations: a systematic review

Fakhkhari

Caidi

Sadki

2023

Egypt J Med Hum Genet

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Background COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus called as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Detected for the first time in December 2019 in Wuhan and it has quickly spread all over the world in a couple of months and becoming a world pandemic. Symptoms of the disease and clinical outcomes are very different in infected people. These differences highlight the paramount need to study and understand the human genetic variation that occurring viral infections. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is an important component of the viral antigen presentation pathway, and it plays an essential role in conferring differential viral susceptibility and severity of diseases. HLA alleles have been involved in the immune response to viral diseases such as SARS-CoV-2. Main body of the abstract Herein, we sought to evaluate this hypothesis by summarizing the association between HLA class I and class II alleles with COVID-19 susceptibility and/or severity reported in previous studies among different populations (Chinese, Italian, Iranian, Japanese, Spanish, etc.). The findings of all selected articles showed that several alleles have been found associated with COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. Even results across articles have been inconsistent and, in some cases, conflicting, highlighting that the association between the HLA system and the COVID‐19 outcome might be ethnic‐dependent, there were some alleles in common between some populations such as HLA-DRB1*15 and HLA-A*30:02. Conclusion These contradictory findings warrant further large, and reproducible studies to decipher any possible genetic predisposition underlying susceptibility to SARS-COV-2 and disease progression and host immune response.

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The association of COVID-19 severity and susceptibility and genetic risk factors: A systematic review of the literature

Cited by 33 publications

References 122 publications

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 1 Polymorphisms and Lipid Profile in Mexican Patients With COVID-19

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 1 Polymorphisms and Lipid Profile in Mexican Patients With COVID-19

Association of hypernatremia with outcomes of COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

HLA alleles associated with COVID-19 susceptibility and severity in different populations: a systematic review

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