The Association of Chronic Inflammation and Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (GEP-NETs)

Berković, Maja Cigrovski; Mahečić, Davorka Herman; Tomašić, Vedran; Hrabar, Davor; Zjačić-Rotkvić, Vanja

doi:10.5772/34482

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…Chronic inflammation, sustained by the presence of pro-inflammatory substances, occurring in obesity with hyperplasia of WAT adipocytes and an increase in the level of free fatty acids, is a phenomenon that may promote cell damage leading to carcinogenesis [ 10 ]. It has been suggested that the imbalance of the immune system, particularly disturbed release of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors associated with infiltration of immunomodulatory substances into the tumor environment, may constitute favorable conditions for the development of GEP-NETs [ 162 ]. It is important to understand the mechanisms that are likely to influence the development of neoplasm in obesity, which may be a basis for choosing the right direction in the prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of GEP-NETs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammation Related to Obesity in the Etiopathogenesis of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms

et al. 2022

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Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are rare neoplasms, which, due to their heterogeneous nature, non-specific symptoms, and lack of specific tumor markers pose many diagnostic and clinical challenges. In recent years, the effectiveness of GEP-NEN diagnosis has increased, which is probably associated with the greater availability of diagnostic tests and the cooperation of many experienced specialists in various scientific disciplines. In addition to the possible genetic etiology, the cause of GEP-NET development is not fully understood. Inflammation and obesity are known risks that contribute to the development of many diseases. Chronic inflammation accompanying obesity affects the hormonal balance and cell proliferation and causes the impairment of the immune system function, leading to neoplastic transformation. This review explores the role of inflammation and obesity in GEP-NETs. The exact mechanisms inducing tumor growth are unknown; however, the profile of inflammatory factors released in the GEP-NET tumor microenvironment is responsible for the progression or inhibition of tumor growth. Both the excess of adipose tissue and the impaired function of the immune system affect not only the initiation of cancer but also reduce the comfort and lifetime of patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%