The Association between Vitamin D and Zinc Status and the Progression of Clinical Symptoms among Outpatients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 and Potentially Non-Infected Participants: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Vitamin D and zinc are important components of nutritional immunity. This study compared the serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and zinc in COVID-19 outpatients with those of potentially non-infected participants. The association of clinical symptoms with vitamin D and zinc status was also examined. A checklist and laboratory examination were applied to collect data in a cross-sectional study conducted on 53 infected outpatients with COVID-19 and 53 potentially non-infected participants. Serum concentration of 25(OH)D were not significantly lower in patients with moderate illness (19 ± 12 ng/mL) than patients with asymptomatic or mild illness (29 ± 18 ng/mL), with a trend noted for a lower serum concentration of 25(OH)D in moderate than asymptomatic or mild illness patients (p = 0.054). Infected patients (101 ± 18 µg/dL) showed a lower serum concentration of zinc than potentially non-infected participants (114 ± 13 µg/dL) (p = 0.01). Patients with normal (odds ratio (OR), 0.19; p ≤ 0.001) and insufficient (OR, 0.3; p = 0.007) vitamin D status at the second to seventh days of disease had decreased OR of general symptoms compared to patients with vitamin D deficiency. This study revealed the importance of 25(OH)D measurement to predict the progression of general and pulmonary symptoms and showed that infected patients had significantly lower zinc concentrations than potentially non-infected participants.

Serum Concentrations of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone, Triiodothyronine, and Thyroxine in Outpatients Infected with SARS-CoV2 in Khuzestan Province, Iran: A Disease Clinical Course Approach

“…Falagas et al assessed sex differences in the occurrence and severity of respiratory tract infections and showed that females were more usually influenced by infections of the upper respiratory tract; however, males were more commonly influenced by infections of the lower respiratory tract [ 24 ]. In line with our results, another study revealed that the odds ratio of neurologic symptoms of COVID-19 in males was 0.41 times that in females in the same follow-up period [ 7 ]. In line with our findings regarding sex effect on severity and incidence of COVID-19 symptoms, Alwani et al investigated sex-based differences in severity and mortality in COVID-19.…”

“…Serum concentrations of TSH, T3, and T4 were measured using an IDEAL kit (IDEAL, Tehran, Iran) following the ELISA method. The researcher gathered information on the patients’ clinical symptoms (from positive-PCR group outpatients) via phone on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days [ 7 , 8 ]. All symptoms fell into four categories: general, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and neurologic symptoms [ 9 ].…”

Recent Progress in Applicability of Exercise Immunology and Inflammation Research to Sports Nutrition

“…In order to maintain the immune system, it is important to maintain the amount of exercise that does not cause excessive stress to the body, and to provide adequate nutritional intake and rest [8,108,[111][112][113][114][115][116][117] (Figure 3), which were also explained by a digest version in an easy-to-understand manner [118]. Furthermore, it is recently suggested that moderate exercise and physical activity is effective, even for the recovery from COVID-19, suggesting the importance of exercise in the rehabilitation of the disease as well [119,120].…”

Bacterial Organisms Causing Urinary Tract Infection and their Correlation with Vitamin-D Deficiency in Pediatric Patients Presenting at Tertiary Care Hospital in Pakistan

“…It also lower the management costs Frequent urination, vomiting, fever, dysuria, and hematuria are possible side effects. [5][6] This method may lower the misuse of antibiotics and hence lower management costs. The first line of defense against the bacteria is epithelium derived cathelicidin,.…”