The association between the urinary biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of metabolic syndromes and blood cell levels in adults in a Middle Eastern area

Health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in individuals living near restaurants: a cross-sectional study in Shiraz, Iran

“…Consistently, some studies showed that 1-OHP was more dominant compared to other PAH metabolites 9 , 21 . However, a higher concentration of 1-OHP was reported in the present study participants compared to the research performed by Shahsavani et al amongst people living in Shiraz, which could be justified by the higher exposure of these groups to PAHs in comparison to the general population 6 . In present study, the mean concentration of urinary ΣOH-PAHs was 1973.7 and 1687.61 ng/g cr among exposed and non-exposed groups.…”

“…1 , the lowest and highest mean concentrations were related to 9-OHPhe and 1-OHP, respectively in the two study groups. The high 1-OHP concentration in the two groups might be attributed to its rapidly excretion through the urine 6 . Consistently, some studies showed that 1-OHP was more dominant compared to other PAH metabolites 9 , 21 .…”

“…Some PAHs are the byproduct of anthropogenic activities such as the incomplete combustion of substances such as coal, oil, gas, plastics, and tobacco 5 . The main pathway, through which they can cause damage to humans is by the generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the body 6 . Oxidative stress is a process that occurs through free radicals at the cell membrane and leads to cell membrane damage and peroxidation, eventually causing cell dysfunction 7 .…”

Non-carcinogenic and cumulative risk assessment of exposure of kitchen workers in restaurants and local residents in the vicinity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

“…PAH s can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, a strong positive association between exposure to PAH s and indices of oxidative stress has been reported in several studies 5 , 6 . Free radicals at the cell membrane cause oxidative stress, which damages the cell membrane and results in cell malfunction.…”

“…Since several PAH metabolites are known to cause cancer, individuals' health may suffer due to these contaminants 9 , 10 . The presence of PAH metabolites as biomarkers, such as 1-hydroxynaphthalene (1-OHNap), 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-OHNap), 2-hydroxyfluorine (2-OHFlu), and 9-OHPhe in the urine is one sign that restaurant workers have been exposed to COF 1 , 5 , 11 – 13 .…”