The Association Between Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Systematic Review

Russell, Abigail Emma; Ford, Tamsin; Williams, Rebecca; Russell, Ginny

doi:10.1007/s10578-015-0578-3

Cited by 316 publications

(277 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Young age at time of delivery [48, 49], low maternal education [8, 49-51], non-white maternal ethnicity [20], all indicators of low socio-economic status, appear to be associated with attention problems in children born prematurely. Others have also reported that indicators/correlates of low socioeconomic status, such as maternal smoking [35], Hispanic ethnicity [51, 52], and family monthly income [35, 48], housing tenure [48], and marital status [48] are associated with attention problems. The possibility of unmeasured confounding in this present study remains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal obesity and attention-related symptoms in the preterm offspring

Burg¹,

Jensen

Bor³

et al. 2017

Early Human Development

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Background Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity, in term-born children, is associated with an increased risk of attention problems, however this relationship has not been explored among children born extremely preterm. Aim To estimate the risk of attention problems at age 10 years in children born very preterm to overweight (i.e., body mass index (BMI) 25-29 kg/m2) and obese (i.e., BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) women relative to the risk among children born to women who were neither overweight nor obese (i.e. BMI < 25 kg/m2). Study design Multi-center prospective cohort study. Methods A total of 764 children born before the 28th week of gestation and whose mother’s pre-pregnancy height and pre-pregnancy weight were obtained at birth had an IQ ≥ 70 at age 10 years when parents and teachers completed Child Symptom Inventory-4 questionnaires that included items about the presence of ADHD. Results Compared to children whose mother’s pre-pregnancy weight was in the normal range (BMI <25 kg/m2), children were at increased risk of parent-identified ADHD behaviors if their mother was overweight (odds ratio (OR) = 1.9; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1, 3.3), or obese (OR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.4, 3.9). They were not at increased risk of teacher-identified ADHD characteristics if their mother was overweight before her pregnancy (OR = 1.0; 95% CI: 0.6, 1.8), or obese (OR = 1.0; 95% CI: 0.6, 1.6). Conclusion Maternal overweight and obesity are associated with increased risk of parent-identified ADHD characteristics at 10 years of age in children born extremely preterm.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal obesity and attention-related symptoms in the preterm offspring

Burg¹,

Jensen

Bor³

et al. 2017

Early Human Development

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“…One study found child ADHD to be twice as prevalent among nonparticipants as among participants [31]. Furthermore, ADHD is a familial disorder [1] associated with socio-economic disadvantages (i.e., low parental educational levels and income, single parenthood) [32]. These psychosocial factors are associated with self-selection and attrition in longitudinal studies, and selective drop-outs of participants have been found to lower prevalence-rates [33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ADHD, comorbid disorders and psychosocial functioning: How representative is a child cohort study? Findings from a national patient registry

Oerbeck

Øvergaard

Aspenes³

et al. 2017

BMC Psychiatry

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BackgroundCohort studies often report findings on children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) but may be biased by self-selection. The representativeness of cohort studies needs to be investigated to determine whether their findings can be generalised to the general child population. The aim of the present study was to examine the representativeness of child ADHD in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa).MethodsThe study population was children born between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2008 registered with hyperkinetic disorders (hereafter ADHD) in the Norwegian Patient Registry during the years 2008–2013, and two groups of children with ADHD were identified in: 1. MoBa and 2. The general child population. We used the multiaxial International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) and compared the proportions of comorbid disorders (axes I–III), abnormal psychosocial situations (axis V) and child global functioning (axis VI) between these two groups. We also compared the relative differences in the multiaxial classifications for boys and girls and for children with/without axis I comorbidity, respectively in these two groups of children with ADHD.ResultsA total of 11 119 children were registered with ADHD, with significantly fewer in MoBa (1.45%) than the general child population (2.11%), p < 0.0001. The proportions of comorbid axis I, II, and III disorders were low, with no significant group differences. Compared with the general child population with ADHD, children with ADHD in MoBa were registered with fewer abnormal psychosocial situations (axis V: t = 7.63, p < .0001; d = -.18) and better child global functioning (axis VI: t = 7.93, p < 0.0001; d = .17). When analysing relative differences in the two groups, essentially the same patterns were found for boys and girls and for children with/without axis I comorbidity.ConclusionsSelf-selection was found to affect the proportions of ADHD, psychosocial adversity and child global functioning in the cohort. However, the differences from the general population were small. This indicates that studies on ADHD and multiaxial classifications in MoBa, as well as other cohort studies with similar self-selection biases, may have reasonable generalisability to the general child population.

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“…However, the evidence that diagnoses and prescription of medication for mental health issues is proportionally higher in families who experience disadvantages of various kinds [62][63][64][65][66] lend moral weight to encouraging broader perspectives than solely the medical when discussing emotional distress in children. As adults we need to strive for ethical and responsible actions that is in the best interest of children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have found that children from families facing various such disadvantages are diagnosed with ADHD more frequently than children who are not disadvantaged [62][63][64][65][66]. In a major study of more than a million school children in Sweden strong links were found between receiving medication for ADHD and poor maternal education, single parent families and welfare benefits [67].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental Discussions Online through the Medical Discourse-lens

Lundin¹,

Erlandsson²

2017

J Child Dev Disord

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In the present study the research objective was to gain insights into parental communication on an open Internet forum where parents had the opportunity to discuss issues related to ADHD. In order for clinicians to help troubled children brought to the health clinic it may be important to learn more about the life situations of these troubled families as treatment options can require complex interventions for the whole family. Our aim was thus to go beyond the neurobiological medical model of ADHD, which does not take into account contextual factors. In today's society specialized online discussion forums are available for parents who seek support for various difficulties that arise in the family. The online forums are sources of research data. As research tools we used the narrative psychological approach for the analysis of 72 online narratives. These narratives provided support for that the parents embraced medical explanations for the difficulties experienced when raising children, despite obvious challenging life circumstances, such as for example being a single parent without social support. Even very young children had been given serious psychiatric medical diagnoses such as ADHD, Bipolar disorder, Mood disorders and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Some of them had been diagnosed with more than one of these disorders. The complexity of the parental narratives in the present study indicates that the neurobiological model is not sufficient enough to form the basis of a personalized and comprehensive care for vulnerable families.

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The Association Between Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Systematic Review

Cited by 316 publications

References 76 publications

Maternal obesity and attention-related symptoms in the preterm offspring

Maternal obesity and attention-related symptoms in the preterm offspring

ADHD, comorbid disorders and psychosocial functioning: How representative is a child cohort study? Findings from a national patient registry

Parental Discussions Online through the Medical Discourse-lens

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