“…Poor neighborhood conditions, such as poor-quality housing, low-quality schooling, higher unemployment, and lack of safety, are associated with a higher risk of physical and mental health issues (Hernandez et al ., 2006; Mancini, 2021). A study suggested that the association between social determinants and health disparity across countries contributed to poverty, income inequality, educational attainment, and physician density (Kontodimopoulos, 2022). These disparities are even evident within countries and regions.…”