The association between smoking and blood pressure in men: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

BackgroundCigarette smoking is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the association between smoking and blood pressure is unclear. Thus, the current study examined the association between cigarette smoking and blood pressure in men.MethodsSystolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse pressure (PP) were examined using digital blood pressure measuring device, and smoking status was determined with China National Health Survey.ResultsThe ANCOVA showed that the adjusted DBP and MAP were lower in current smokers versus nonsmokers and the adjusted SBP was lower in current smokers versus former smokers (P < 0.05). Additionally, the adjusted PP tend to be decreased steadily as the pack·years increased in current smokers. In a fully adjusted logistic regression model, former smokers had increased ORs (95% CI) of 1.48 (1.01, 2.18) of hypertension and current smokers had not increased ORs (95% CI) of 0.83 (0.61, 1.12), compared with never smokers.ConclusionsThe findings revealed that the adjusted blood pressure were lower in current smokers versus nonsmokers and former smokers. No significant dose-dependent effect of current smoking on blood pressure indices except PP was observed. Smoking cessation was significantly associated with an increased risk of hypertension. However, current smoking was not a risk factor of hypertension.

The Paradox Association between Smoking and Blood Pressure among Half Million Chinese People

“…Furthermore, we saw ex-smoking was associated with a higher BP in men but a lower BP in women. Previous studies also showed smoking cessation may result in BP increases in men [15,23] Although the underlying mechanism of the gender-specific discrepancies in smoking-related BP reductions remains unknown, it might be due to social, physiological, and behavioral factors associated with smoking [24,25]. Nevertheless, considering the limited number of female smokers in the current study, it is possible that our finding of the greater association between smoking and BP among females is due to chance, and the result should be interpreted with caution.…”

“…However, most of the previous studies have focused on evaluating the independent effect of smoking on BP levels, but little is known about the role of alcohol consumption in the association between smoking and BP levels. Additionally, to our knowledge, previous studies evaluating the association between smoking and BP levels had limited sample sizes in China [15,16]. During our study, we aim to assess the association between smoking and BP levels as well as examine the potential interaction between smoking and alcohol consumption influencing BP levels among Chinese populations using the data from half a million adults from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) Study.…”

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“…Others studies [74][75][76], however, reported that smoker status does not directly affect development of hypertension or blood pressure value. Observational analyses found that current smoking is associated with lower blood pressure and lower prevalence of hypertension and did not support a causal association between smoking and blood pressure [77].…”

Faktor Determinan Hipertensi pada Pedagang Pasar Cibinong, Jawa Barat

“…Hasil analisis juga menunjukkan tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara merokok dengan kejadian hipertensi. Hasil ini sesuai dengan penelitian yang dilakukan Li et al 26 yang menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan antara merokok dengan peningkatan tekanan darah baik sistol maupun diastol. Demikian juga dengan penelitian Sapitri, Suyanto, dan Butarbutar 27 yang memberikan hasil bahwa kebiasaan merokok tidak memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kejadian hipertensi.…”