The association between smoking and aphthous ulcers

Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers Among Tobacco Users- Hospital Based Study

“…The theory that nicotine is the protective factor is supported by a recent report that aphthous ulcers were prevented among those nonsmokers with recurrent aphthous ulcers while they used nicotine gum [13,14].…”

“…The literature on the "protective effect" of tobacco use particularly smoking on aphthous ulceration has been debated particularly with respect to a possible underlying mechanism. It has been suggested smokers have increased keratinization of the oral mucosa [6,13,14]. The keratinization protects the oral tissues against the trauma or bacterial penetration.…”

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

“…Local, physical trauma may initiate ulcers in susceptible people (Ross et al, 1958;Wray et al, 1981), and RAS is uncommon where mucosal keratinization is present (Sallay and Ban6czy, 1968) or in patients who smoke tobacco (Brookman, 1960;Dorsey, 1964, Shapiro et al, 1970Axell and Henricsson, 1985a).…”

Efficacy of Rebamipide and Levamisole in the Treatment of Patients with Recurrent Aphthous Ulcer - A Comparative Study

“…In contrast, indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, impaired the healing of ulcers. They have successfully established an improved method for the administration of acetic acid to induce oral ulcers, and rebamipide accelerated the ulcer healing [14].…”