The Association Between Psychological Symptoms and Self-Reported Temporomandibular Disorders Pain Symptoms in Children and Adolescents

Abstract

Background: Several studies have reported an association between temporomandibular disorder pain (TMD-P) and emotional disorders in children and adolescents. However, no studies have reported if self-reported TMD-P in Saudi Arabia is associated with psychosocial symptoms. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the association between self-reported TMD-P with depression, anxiety and somatic problems in children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia. The hypothesis was that there is an association between self-reported TMD-P and psychological symptoms among children and adolescents.Materials and Methods: The included participants were randomly selected boys and girls aged between 10 and 18 years, with a mean (SD) age of 14.0 (2.3) years. Out of 633 children and adolescents that were invited to participate, 509 voluntarily agreed to participate, and 466 completed all questionnaires. The questionnaires included items retrieved from the Youth Self Report (YSR) and Axis II of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD) besides demographic data, medical history, and presence of oral parafunctions. To assess the presence of self-reported TMD-Pain, each participant was verbally asked two validated questions regarding the presence of TMD-P and dysfunction (2Q-TMD).Results: Self-reported TMD-P in children and adolescents was significantly associated with anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, and social problems (P < 0.0001). Further, the frequencies of anxiety, depression, and somatic disorders were more evident among children and adolescents who suffered from TMD-P (P < 0.0001). The odds of reporting TMD-P in children and adolescents was 1.4 times for border line and clinical diagnosis scores for anxiety and withdrawal depression domains, and 2.6 times for the somatic symptoms' domains. However, in the multiple regression model after controlling for possible confounders, only somatic symptoms and social scores were significant. Moreover, self-reported TMD-P was twice as prevalent among girls compared to boys.Conclusion: This study reports a significant association between psychosocial burden and presence of self-reported TMD-Pain, with a stronger impact on girls than boys. There were significantly higher number of participants with self-reported TMD-P reporting a poor oral and general health. In addition, self-reported TMD-P was higher among those with borderline and clinically diagnosed anxiety/depression scores. Based on this finding, the current study supports that an early approach and recognition of children and adolescents with anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, and TMD problems. This could result in a lesser burden for these children and adolescents both in regard to pain and psychosocial implications with increased quality of life.

Adverse Impacts of Temporomandibular Disorders Symptoms and Tooth Loss on Psychological States and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life During the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown

“…In turn, previous studies showed that TMD patients exhibited higher level of psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression compared with healthy controls (9)(10)(11). Patients with self-reported TMD-pain reported higher scores for anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms compared to patients with no TMD-Pain complaint (12). In addition, ample evidence demonstrates that tooth loss is negatively associated with depression, anxiety and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) (13,14), which is in line with the observation that effective treatment of tooth loss have positive effects on quality of life and mental status (15).…”

The Association between Dental Pain and Psychological Symptoms: Evidence from a Population-Based Study in Indonesia

“…2 Considering the nature of pain in general that has been associated with several psychological symptoms, the association between orofacial pain, including dental pain, and several psychological symptoms are also being explored. [7][8][9] In a preliminary study conducted by Shafira et al 10 on patients with acute orofacial pain due to oral and maxillofacial infection or oral and maxillofacial trauma, it was shown that the level of orofacial pain was significantly related to jaw and facial activities limitation (p < 0.01) and that the limitation of the jaw and facial activities was significantly related (p ¼ 0.001) to stress. Interestingly, no significant association was found between stress and acute orofacial pain.…”

“… 2 Considering the nature of pain in general that has been associated with several psychological symptoms, the association between orofacial pain, including dental pain, and several psychological symptoms are also being explored. 7 8 9 …”

Temporomandibular disorder and somatic symptoms: Relations to ‘fear of missing out’ and other negative emotional states

“…While the link between FOMO and other negative emotional states was explored in recent years [4,10], there is a paucity of research regarding its relation to somatic symptoms including Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). The latter is clinically important given the known relationship of somatic and TMD symptoms to depression and anxiety, which could be mediated by FOMO in young people [11][12][13].…”