The association between periodontal diseases and halitosis among Saudi patients

Abstract

Objectives To assess the relationship between the presence of periodontal disease and halitosis. Methods A total of 120 patients were enrolled and divided into 2 groups, 60 patients with probing depth (PD) > 3.0 mm (group 1) and 60 patients with PD ≤ 3.0 mm (group 2). Clinical parameters including, plaque index (PI), bleeding index (BI), and PD were obtained. Breath samples were collected and analyzed using a portable gas chromatograph to measure the concentration of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC). Results Halitosis was found to affect 58.3% of the total patients. The means of PI, BI, and VSC were significantly higher in group 1 (PD > 3.0 mm) than in group 2 (PD ≤ 3 mm). Conclusions The percentage of patients suffering from halitosis in the Saudi population are comparatively high. In addition, there was a positive association between periodontal disease and halitosis.

The Influence of Diet on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Induced by Bacterial Biofilms in the Human Oral Cavity

“…In the oral cavity, the role of food does not end there. In addition to the fact that it determines the correct structure of the teeth, the entire stomatognathic system, strengthens the resistance of the tissues in the oral cavity, it can protect against caries, erosion, periodontal disease, but it can also contribute to the formation of caries, erosion and diseases also periodontitis [ 23 , 37 , 48 , 50 , 67 , 75 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 ] ( Figure 3 ).…”

“…To detect it in deeper layers, you can use a periodontal probe, take an X-ray, use laser equipment [69][70][71], (Figure 2). It is the bacterial flora that is largely responsible for the formation of plaque, periodontal disease, the occurrence of halitosis (unpleasant odor emanating from the mouth), and in the later stages of macro-organism health problems [48,74,75].…”

“…The inflammatory reaction activates the immune system to fight pathogens (e.g., viruses, bacteria), without it we would not be able to survive even the smallest infection. In the event of an inflammatory reaction, changes in the It is the bacterial flora that is largely responsible for the formation of plaque, periodontal disease, the occurrence of halitosis (unpleasant odor emanating from the mouth), and in the later stages of macro-organism health problems [48,74,75].…”

“…It is the bacterial flora that is largely responsible for the formation of plaque, periodontal disease, the occurrence of halitosis (unpleasant odor emanating from the mouth), and in the later stages of macro-organism health problems [ 48 , 74 , 75 ].…”

Efficacy of Arabic Coffee and Black Tea in Reducing Halitosis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled, Crossover Clinical Trial

“…According to the Glossary of Periodontal Terms (2001), halitosis is defined as “breath that is offensive to others, caused by a variety of reasons, including, but not limited to, periodontal disease, bacterial coating of the tongue, systemic disorders, and different types of food” [ 1 ]. Various factors cause oral malodor, including those originating from the oral cavity, such as tongue coating, periodontal disease, peri-implant disease, deep carious lesions, exposed necrotic tooth pulps, pericoronitis, imperfect dental restorations, and food impaction [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. On the contrary, non-oral halitosis results from upper or lower respiratory tract diseases, gastrointestinal tract disorders, metabolic disorders, some systemic diseases, and carcinomas [ 5 ].…”