“…Despite these sex differences, only three of the studies considered sex as a covariate in their statistical models (Curtin et al, 2018 ; Tzeng et al, 2019 ; Du Rietz et al, 2021 ) and one matched groups on sex (Golimstok et al, 2011 ). Lastly, all articles except two (Tzeng et al, 2019 ; Fan et al, 2020 ) disregarded obvious risk factors for developing dementia, such as traumatic brain injury, hypertension, physical inactivity, cardiovascular risk factors, excessive alcohol consumption, and smoking (Bergland et al, 2017 ; Livingston et al, 2020 ). Many of these risk factors are increased in ADHD, including traumatic brain injury (Liou et al, 2018 ), hypertension (Fuemmeler et al, 2011 ), cardiovascular risk factors (Cortese et al, 2013 ; Irmisch et al, 2013 ; Chen et al, 2018 ; Du Rietz et al, 2021 ), and smoking (Galéra et al, 2017 ), and these factors may be accounting for a substantial portion of the putative association between ADHD and later-life neurodegenerative disease (as in Bendayan et al, 2020 , for example).…”