The association between parental bonding and obsessive compulsive disorder in offspring at high familial risk

Can Parental Bonding Be Assessed in Children? Factor Structure and Factorial Invariance of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) Between Adults and Children

“…Particularly, several studies have explored the underlying structure of the PBI item pool and found mixed results in terms of the identification of a replicable and robust dimensional structure. For example, many studies revealed that a three-factor solution seems to fit the data better than the originally proposed two-factor model [2,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. In all these studies, the Care factor was identified as a clear factor with trivial variations from the original one proposed by Parker et al [1].…”

“…Originally, the PBI was intended to measure the two parental styles of Overprotection and Care, dividing child-rearing styles into the following four categories: ''high care-low control'', ''high care-high control'', ''low care-low control'' and ''low care-high control''. The instrument has generally demonstrated good psychometric properties, either in terms of reliability [2][3][4][5] or in terms of validity of both perceived and actual parental characteristics [6][7][8][9]. Furthermore, it has been translated into numerous languages, including Spanish, Japanese, French, Italian, Chinese, and Urdu.…”

“…However, in none of these studies, the Overprotection factor could be replicated as a unique factor; instead, two distinct factors were consistently emerging: the first was named either Overprotection [9,11] or ProtectionPersonal Domain [10] or Protectiveness [2] or even Denial of Psychological Autonomy [12][13][14][15]. The second factor was named either Protection-Social Domain [10] or Restraint [11] or Authoritarianism [2] or Control [9] or, more frequently, Encouragement of Behavioural Freedom [12][13][14][15].…”

“…For example, most of the studies have used principal components analysis (PCA) [e.g. 2,[9][10][11][12]15], even though this statistical technique is often considered to be more appropriate in the early stages of scale development [18], since it helps to describe, summarize, or reduce data and make them more easily understood. Nevertheless, PCA assumes that variables are error-free, which is not a realistic assumptions in the social sciences [19].…”

Traumatic and Adverse Attachment Childhood Experiences are not Characteristic of OCD but of Depression in Adolescents

“…the defensive exclusion of childhood memories) are at hand, as we argued in our previous report from this sample [43]. We believe that out methodology may give a less biased estimate than previous studies as the AAI-CS carefully separates state of mind issues from the assessment of inferred childhood experience, while other studies have used self-rating scales, i.e., the short version of ''Experience in Close Relationships'', focussing on anxious attachment respectively avoidance in romantic relationships [44], and the PBI [44,60] which both are based on the respondent's judgment (see Brewin et al [45] for a discussion). A further source of difference is the study groups.…”