The Association Between Income and Life Expectancy in the United States, 2001-2014

Chetty, Raj; Stepner, Michael; Abraham, Sarah; Lin, Shelby; Scuderi, Benjamin; Turner, Nicholas; Bergeron, Augustin; Cutler, David M.

doi:10.1001/jama.2016.4226

Cited by 1,900 publications

(1,818 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…We also obtained data for health inequalities by income from the Health Inequality project by Chetty et al (Chetty et al, 2016). This study collected data using social security and death records, and estimated inequalities by income quartile (Q1-4) for counties with a population > 25,000 for the …”

Section: Health Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of analyses of the potential causes of the increase in mortality in non-college educated non-Hispanic whites have highlighted the role of economic inequality (Chetty et al, 2016), disparities in health behaviors by class (Schroeder, 2016), and a constrained welfare state (Beckfield and Bambra, 2016). Taking a different approach, we looked at the consequences of this health crisis using increasing mortality as an indicator of social and economic upheaval at the county level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Swing voting in the 2016 presidential election in counties where midlife mortality has been rising in white non-Hispanic Americans

Bilal

Knapp

Cooper

2018

Social Science & Medicine

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Understanding the effects of widespread disruption of the social fabric on public health outcomes can provide insight into the forces that drive major political realignment. Our objective was to estimate the association between increases in mortality in middle-aged non-Hispanic white adults from 1999-2005 to 2009-2015, health inequalities in life expectancy by income, and the surge in support for the Republican Party in pivotal US counties in the 2016 presidential election. We conducted a longitudinal ecological study in 2764 US counties from 1999 to 2016. Increases in mortality were measured using age-specific (45-54 years of age) all-cause mortality from

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Section: Health Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swing voting in the 2016 presidential election in counties where midlife mortality has been rising in white non-Hispanic Americans

Bilal

Knapp

Cooper

2018

Social Science & Medicine

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“…Classical clinical and epidemiological studies unequivocally demonstrate that stress, allostatic load, low socioeconomic status (SES), and low social rank confer increased vulnerability to morbidity significantly shortening lifespan in humans (Chetty et al., 2016; Marmot et al., 1991; Seeman, Singer, Rowe, Horwitz & McEwen, 1997; Stringhini et al., 2012). Notably, a recent multicohort study of 1.7 million adults followed up for mortality (Stringhini et al., 2017) has recognized the effect of SES among other recognized WHO risk factors (i.e., smoking, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, alcohol intake) assigning it a notable 1.26 hazard ratio.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social stress shortens lifespan in mice

et al. 2018

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SummaryStress and low socioeconomic status in humans confer increased vulnerability to morbidity and mortality. However, this association is not mechanistically understood nor has its causation been explored in animal models thus far. Recently, cellular senescence has been suggested as a potential mechanism linking lifelong stress to age‐related diseases and shorter life expectancy in humans. Here, we established a causal role for lifelong social stress on shortening lifespan and increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease in mice. Specifically, we developed a lifelong chronic psychosocial stress model in which male mouse aggressive behavior is used to study the impact of negative social confrontations on healthspan and lifespan. C57BL/6J mice identified through unbiased cluster analysis for receiving high while exhibiting low aggression, or identified as subordinate based on an ethologic criterion, had lower median and maximal lifespan, and developed earlier onset of several organ pathologies in the presence of a cellular senescence signature. Critically, subordinate mice developed spontaneous early‐stage atherosclerotic lesions of the aortic sinuses characterized by significant immune cells infiltration and sporadic rupture and calcification, none of which was found in dominant subjects. In conclusion, we present here the first rodent model to study and mechanistically dissect the impact of chronic stress on lifespan and disease of aging. These data highlight a conserved role for social stress and low social status on shortening lifespan and increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease in mammals and identify a potential mechanistic link for this complex phenomenon.

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“…According to research published by Stanford economics professor Raj Chetty (2016) in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), the richest one percent of American men live 14.6 years longer, on average, than the poorest one percent. For women, the average difference is just over ten years.…”

Section: Life Expectancy Inequality By Classmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Myth of Increasing Life Expectancy and Its Social Policy Implications

Parker

Achaval²

2017

JSR

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This paper concerns official "average life expectancy" data, and their use by demographers in a way that appears common-sensical and valid, but are neither. The notion that Americans have, and continue to experience ever-increasing life expectancy is a widely held myth in U.S. society. The Census Bureau states Americans' life expectancy advanced 30 years between 1900 and 2013. Accompanying this myth is the idea that Americans are generally working longer while experiencing an extended lifespan. But these commonly shared assumptions about American life are dubious. The increase in average life expectancy among Americans has been achieved by reducing the infant mortality rate, not by increasing additional years at the end of the life cycle. An examination of age-specific death rates combined with an understanding of the importance of the infant mortality rate makes the "life expectancy myth" transparent. Upon considering these aspects of official life expectancy, the implications of this misunderstanding, specifically as it pertains to Social Security, will be examined.

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The Association Between Income and Life Expectancy in the United States, 2001-2014

Cited by 1,900 publications

References 58 publications

Swing voting in the 2016 presidential election in counties where midlife mortality has been rising in white non-Hispanic Americans

Swing voting in the 2016 presidential election in counties where midlife mortality has been rising in white non-Hispanic Americans

Social stress shortens lifespan in mice

The Myth of Increasing Life Expectancy and Its Social Policy Implications

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