The association between glaucoma and risk of depression: a nationwide population-based cohort study

Abstract

BackgroundPrevious cross-sectional studies revealed a higher prevalence of depression among glaucoma patients. However, cohort studies were in lack to build the risk of incident depression after the diagnosis of glaucoma. The aim of our study was to investigate the association between glaucoma and the subsequent risk of developing depression and to assess risk factors associated with depression in glaucoma patients.MethodsA population-based retrospective cohort study using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database was conducted from January 1, 2001 through December 31, 2011. Glaucoma patients (n = 8777) and age- and gender-matched control subjects without glaucoma (n = 35,108) were enrolled in the study. Kaplan-Meier curves were generated to compare the cumulative hazard of subsequent depression between the glaucoma and control groups. A Cox regression analysis estimated the crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for depression. Risk factors leading to depression were investigated among the glaucoma patients.ResultsGlaucoma patients had a significantly higher cumulative hazard of depression compared to the control group (p-value < 0.0001). The Cox regression model indicated that the glaucoma group had a significantly higher risk of depression (adjusted HR = 1.71). Within the glaucoma group, significant risk factors for depression included age, female, low income, substance abuse, and living alone. However, the use of β-blocker eye drops and the number of glaucoma medications were not significant risk factors for depression.ConclusionPatients with glaucoma are at significantly greater risk of developing depression. Among glaucoma patients, age, female, low income, substance abuse, and living alone were significant risk factors for depression.

Mood and behavior seasonality in glaucoma; assessing correlations between seasonality and structure and function of the retinal ganglion cells

“…secondary glaucoma and the results were not adjusted for type of glaucoma. A large populationbased study assessed depressive symptoms in persons with or without self-reported glaucoma and found no differences between the two groups [19]. Again, the study did not assess the severity or subtype of glaucoma and was performed in a population-based sample why both persons with severe depression and advanced glaucoma may have evaded participation.…”

“…Most of the evidence for attenuations in the NIF physiologic responses to light is based on studies in primary open angle glaucoma [12,14,15,17]. The majority of studies assessing sleep and mood alterations were however performed in heterogenous populations of patients with both primary and secondary glaucomatous disease [8,9,11,19,20]. There is a lack of knowledge of how NIF functions are affected in different subtypes of glaucoma.…”

The psychology of a glaucoma patient

“…Для исследования взаимосвязи глаукомы и возможности последующего развития депрессии было проведено ретроспективное когортное исследование населения Тайваня с использованием базы данных Тайваньского национального центра медицинского страхования [13,14]. В исследование вошло 8777 пациентов с глаукомой и 35 108 здоровых лиц.…”

“…Кривые Каплана -Майера уровня депрессии у пациентов с глаукомой и контрольной группы. Черная линия представляет группу глаукомы, а серая -контрольную группу [13] Figure. Kaplan -Meier curves of the level of depression in patients with glaucoma and the control group.…”

“…Kaplan -Meier curves of the level of depression in patients with glaucoma and the control group. The black line represents the glaucoma group and the gray line represents the control group [13] Возраст был значительным фактором риска развития депрессии как в одномерном, так и в многомерном анализе. Так, риск развития депрессии у пациентов старше 70 лет оказался в 1,49 выше, чем у пациентов в возрасте от 30 до 50 лет.…”