The Association Between Delivery of Small-for-Gestational-Age Neonate and Their Risk for Long-Term Neurological Morbidity

Hadar, O.; Wainstock, Tamar

doi:10.3390/jcm9103199

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) and prematurity are the two leading complications of human pregnancy: every year, 30 million infants are delivered after IUGR and 15 million are born preterm [1,2]. These conditions are recognized to be the two main contributors to neonatal brain injury responsible for the neurodevelopmental disorders that affect more than nine million children each year [3][4][5][6][7][8]. Perinatal systemic inflammation is known to be associated with both IUGR and prematurity, and early exposure to inflammation has been identified as an important risk factor for the development of neurological impairment later in life [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Fetal Growth Restriction on the Neonatal Microglial Proteome in the Rat

et al. 2021

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Microglial activation is a key modulator of brain vulnerability in response to intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR). However, the consequences of IUGR on microglial development and the microglial proteome are still unknown. We used a model of IUGR induced by a gestational low-protein diet (LPD) in rats. Microglia, isolated from control and growth-restricted animals at P1 and P4, showed significant changes in the proteome between the two groups. The expression of protein sets associated with fetal growth, inflammation, and the immune response were significantly enriched in LPD microglia at P1 and P4. Interestingly, upregulation of protein sets associated with the oxidative stress response and reactive oxygen species production was observed at P4 but not P1. During development, inflammation-associated proteins were upregulated between P1 and P4 in both control and LPD microglia. By contrast, proteins associated with DNA repair and senescence pathways were upregulated in only LPD microglia. Similarly, protein sets involved in protein retrograde transport were significantly downregulated in only LPD microglia. Overall, these data demonstrate significant and multiple effects of LPD-induced IUGR on the developmental program of microglial cells, leading to an abnormal proteome within the first postnatal days.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Fetal Growth Restriction on the Neonatal Microglial Proteome in the Rat

et al. 2021

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“…Thus, premature infants are surviving with major and minor neurodevelopmental morbidities, often resulting in lifelong disability [8]. Neurodevelopmental impairments can include, among other morbidities, cerebral palsy (CP), cognitive dysfunction, and sensory impairments [6,9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying the Critical Threshold for Long-Term Pediatric Neurological Hospitalizations of the Offspring in Preterm Delivery

Zer

Wainstock

Miodownik

et al. 2021

JCM

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We opted to investigate whether a critical threshold exists for long-term pediatric neurological morbidity, and cerebral palsy (CP), in preterm delivery, via a population-based cohort analysis. Four study groups were classified according to their gestational age at birth: 24–27.6, 28–31.6, 32–36.6 weeks and term deliveries, evaluating the incidence of long-term hospitalizations of the offspring due to neurological morbidity. Cox proportional hazard models were performed to control for confounders. A Kaplan–Meier survival curve was used to compare the cumulative neurological morbidity incidence for each group. A total of 220,563 deliveries were included: 0.1% (118) occurred at 24–27.6 weeks of gestation, 0.4% (776) occurred at 28–31.6 weeks of gestation, 6% (13,308) occurred at 32–36.6 weeks of gestation and 93% (206,361) at term. In a Cox model, while adjusting for confounders, delivery before 25 weeks had a 3.9-fold risk for long-term neurological morbidity (adjusted HR (hazard ratio) = 3.9, 95% CI (confidence interval) 2.3–6.6; p < 0.001). The Kaplan–Meier survival curve demonstrated a linear association between long-term neurological morbidity and decreasing gestational age. In a second Cox model, adjusted for confounders, infants born before 25 weeks of gestation had increased rates of CP (adjusted HR = 62.495% CI 25.6–152.4; p < 0.001). In our population, the critical cut-off for long-term neurological complications is delivery before 25 weeks gestation.

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“…Small for gestational age (SGA) is a term used to characterize newborns whose birth weight is below the 10th percentile of birth weight or <2 standard deviations from the mean birth weight of the same gestational age and sex. 1 , 2 SGA infants are classified into constitutionally normal infants and those who have growth restriction. 3 , 4 The first group of SGA infants show a normal birth weight below the 10th percentile due to inherent parameters, including maternal height and/or weight, ethnicity, and parity, with no elevated risk of perinatal mortality or morbidity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of longitudinal follow-up data of physical growth in singleton full-term small for gestational age infants

Zhao¹,

Fan²,

Wen³

et al. 2021

J Int Med Res

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Objective This study aimed to investigate the catch-up growth pattern of singleton full-term small for gestational age (SGA) infants in the first year after birth. Methods A single-center retrospective cohort study was performed to assess singleton full-term SGA infants. Weight, length, and head circumference were measured at birth, and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of age. Results Two hundred ten SGA infants were included in this study. Boys (n = 90) and girls (n = 120) showed a similar gestational age, birth weight, and body length. Weight, length, and head circumference in SGA infants in all age groups increased with age, with the fastest growth stage from birth to 3 months. The speed of weight and head circumference catch-up was higher than that of body length. At 12 months, significant associations of height in boys with height of the fathers, mothers, and both parents combined appeared. The height of girls showed associations with the mothers’ and the parents’ height. Conclusions Full-term SGA infants grow rapidly after birth, with the fastest growth rate in the first 3 months, as examined by weight, body length, and head circumference. However, the catch-up speed of weight and body length were not balanced in this study.

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The Association Between Delivery of Small-for-Gestational-Age Neonate and Their Risk for Long-Term Neurological Morbidity

Cited by 13 publications

References 30 publications

Impact of Fetal Growth Restriction on the Neonatal Microglial Proteome in the Rat

Impact of Fetal Growth Restriction on the Neonatal Microglial Proteome in the Rat

Identifying the Critical Threshold for Long-Term Pediatric Neurological Hospitalizations of the Offspring in Preterm Delivery

Analysis of longitudinal follow-up data of physical growth in singleton full-term small for gestational age infants

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