The association between cognitive ability measured at ages 18–20 and mortality during 30 years of follow-up—a prospective observational study among Swedish males born 1949–51

Hemmingsson, Tomas; Melin, Bo; Allebeck, Peter; Lundberg, Ingvar

doi:10.1093/ije/dyi321

Cited by 115 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Nine studies met our inclusion criteria (12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26). Their characteristics and results are listed in Table 1.…”

Section: Identified Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All nine studies used a cohort design; three studies were prospective (12,14,21) and the remainder were retrospective. Despite the preponderance of studies using the latter design, most were well characterized for covariate data, a common problem in such investigations (see Discussion section).…”

Section: Identified Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the preponderance of studies using the latter design, most were well characterized for covariate data, a common problem in such investigations (see Discussion section). Drawing on individuals from Australia (22), Denmark (13), England and Wales (12), Scotland (24)(25)(26), Sweden (14,21), and the United States (23), most, but not all (22,23), study samples were representative of their general populations. All study populations appeared to be Caucasian.…”

Section: Identified Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All study populations appeared to be Caucasian. Cohort size ranged between 180(23) and 49,262 persons (14), and number of deaths varied from 58 (23) to 2022 (24). Five studies were males and females (12,21,(24)(25)(26), three studies were males only (13,14,22), and one study included solely females (23).…”

Section: Identified Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several such studies have appeared, particularly in recent years (12)(13)(14). Although brief nonsystematic overviews of these studies exist (15)(16)(17)(18), to our knowledge, there has Selected Abbreviations and Acronyms SMS Z Scottish Mental Survey CI Z confidence interval been no systematic review.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Premorbid (early life) IQ and Later Mortality Risk: Systematic Review

Batty

Deary

Gottfredson³

2007

Annals of Epidemiology

424

347

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PURPOSE: Studies of middle-aged and particularly older-aged adults found that those with higher scores on tests of IQ (cognitive function) had lower rates of later mortality. Interpretation of such findings potentially is hampered by the problem of reverse causality: such somatic diseases as diabetes or hypertension, common in older adults, can decrease cognitive function. Studies that provide extended follow-up of the health experience of individuals who had their (premorbid) IQ assessed in childhood and/or early adulthood minimize this concern. The purpose of the present report is to systematically locate, evaluate, and interpret the findings of all such studies. METHODS: We systematically identified individual-level studies linking premorbid IQ with later mortality by using four approaches: search of electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PSYCHINFO); scrutiny of the reference sections of identified reports; search of our own files; and contact with researchers in the field. Study quality was assessed by using predefined criteria. RESULTS: Nine cohort studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, study quality was moderate. All reports showed an inverse IQ-mortality relation; i.e., higher IQ scores were associated with decreased mortality risk. The nature of this relation (i.e., dose-response or threshold) and whether it differs by sex was unclear. The IQ-mortality association did not appear to be explained by reverse causality or selection bias. Confounding by other early-life factors also did not seem to explain the association, although some studies were not well characterized in this regard. Adult socioeconomic position appeared to mediate the IQ-mortality association in some studies, but this was not a universal finding. CONCLUSIONS: In all studies, higher IQ in the first two decades of life was related to lower rates of total mortality in middle to late adulthood. Some plausible mechanistic pathways exist, but further examination is required. The precise nature of the IQ-mortality relation (particularly in ethnic minorities and women) and the link between IQ and disease-specific outcomes also warrants further research. Ann Epidemiol -;-:-. Ó

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“…Nine studies met our inclusion criteria (12)(13)(14)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26). Their characteristics and results are listed in Table 1.…”

Section: Identified Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Identified Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Identified Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Identified Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Premorbid (early life) IQ and Later Mortality Risk: Systematic Review

Batty

Deary

Gottfredson³

2007

Annals of Epidemiology

424

347

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show abstract

Cognitive Epidemiology

Calvin¹,

Batty²,

Deary³

2011

The Wiley‐Blackwell Handbook of Individual Differences

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Risk gene variants for nicotine dependence in the CHRNA5–CHRNA3–CHRNB4 cluster are associated with cognitive performance

Winterer

Mittelstraß

Giegling

et al. 2010

American J of Med Genetics Pt B

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Recent studies strongly support an association of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene cluster CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 with nicotine dependence (ND). However, the precise genotype-phenotype relationship is still unknown. Clinical and epidemiological data on smoking behavior raise the possibility that the relevant gene variants may indirectly contribute to the development of ND by affecting cognitive performance in some smokers who consume nicotine for reasons of "cognition enhancement." Here, we tested seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs684513, rs637137, rs16969968, rs578776, rs1051730, rs3743078, rs3813567 from the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 gene cluster for association with ND, measures of cognitive performance and gene expression. As expected, we found all SNPs being associated with ND in three independent cohorts (KORA, NCOOP, ESTHER) comprising 5,561 individuals. In an overlapping sample of 2,186 subjects we found three SNPs (rs16969968, rs1051730, rs3743078) being associated with cognitive domains from the Wechsler-Adult-Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R)-most notably in the performance subtest "object assembly" and the verbal subtest "similarities." In a refined analysis of a subsample of 485 subjects, two of these three SNPs (rs16969968, rs1051730) were associated with n-back task performance/Continuous Performance Test. Furthermore, two CHRNA5 risk alleles (rs684513, rs637137) were associated with CHRNA5 mRNA expression levels in whole blood in a subgroup of 190 subjects. We here report for the first time an association of CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 gene variants with cognition possibly mediating in part risk for developing ND. The observed phenotype-genotype associations may depend on altered levels of gene expression. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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The association between cognitive ability measured at ages 18–20 and mortality during 30 years of follow-up—a prospective observational study among Swedish males born 1949–51

Abstract: IQ test score measured in late adolescence (only males) was a significant predictor of all-cause, as well as cause-specific (CVD and injuries), mortality during 30 years of follow-up. The risk increased from high to low IQ test score results for all outcomes.

Cited by 115 publications

References 18 publications

Premorbid (early life) IQ and Later Mortality Risk: Systematic Review

Premorbid (early life) IQ and Later Mortality Risk: Systematic Review

Cognitive Epidemiology

Risk gene variants for nicotine dependence in the CHRNA5–CHRNA3–CHRNB4 cluster are associated with cognitive performance

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